1. Liang Qichao
o Last of his old beliefs began to die
o Eventually argued that nothing less than total destructon of anchu regime could save
China.
o Saw freedom as absolute necessity for China
o oving to break with Kang Youwei
o Traveled to Canada and US for fundraising
o Sharp and confdent observer of American scene; not overawed; was insightul
o Saw corporate interests as playing insidious role in American politcs
o His disillusionment with democracy deepened as he came face to face with ever-present
threats to Chinese dignity in America (treated its blacks terribly)
o Discouraged to fnd Chinese expatriate communites in US as not supportng his grand
vision of self-empowering Chinese people at home; they did not have a natonal
mentality
o Became convinced that the fundamental change he sought (as a centralized state that
forged the Chinese people into a united citzenry) could only be achieved under a benign
autocracy
o After 1905, Liang lost batle for inluence over Chinese expatriates to Sun who gave
Chinese natonalism a racial ‘Han’ tnge turning it into ant- anchu sentment
o Originally kept distance from revoluton
o Then yielded to Yuan Shikai and became his inister of Justce then his fnancial
adviser
o Successfully advocated china’s entry into WWI in 1917
o Liang’s politcal career had proved to be disastrous
o Returning to China after 1, years was uterly compromised by politcally expedient
associatons with corrupt/violent warlords
2. Kang Youwei
o Stll believed a wise/paternalistc monarchy could launch China into modernity
o Tried to stoke army revolt during Boxer rising
o Kang turned out to be less a natonalist than a utopian internatonalist
o Saw a universal moral community of future as transcending race/ethnicity/language and
dissolve family a vision resurrected under ao Zedong
o Liang briely lirted with ant- anchuism
o But like Kang Youwei he never ceased to be aware of necessity of broad ant-imperialist
front that included China’s many ethnic minorites
o Contnued to uphold importance of ‘broad natonalism’ as opposed to ‘narrow
natonalism’
o Critcized socialist ideas as inapplicable to China
o aintained that encouragement of capital is foremost consideraton; protecton of labor
is second consideraton
, 3. ao Zedong
4. Chiang Kai-Shek (188-197,)
o Natonalist leader and ao’s rival
o President of the Republic of China
o A bit of a fascist military dictator
,. Zhang Taiyan
o Classical scholar
o Close colleague of Zou Rong
o ocked Kang for supporing anchu emperor
o Claimed that violence in cause of racial-ethnic revenge was as morally justfed as
revoluton for human rights
o Atacked Kang Youwei’s praise for Indian literature/philosophy
o Imprisoned for his remarks about the emperor
6. Abdurreshid Ibrahim
o Russian-born uslim intellectual
o Wrote House of Islam; his ideas overlapped with larger solidarites such as pan-
Asianism pan-Islamism and pan-Arabism
o et al-Afghani in 18905s
o By 19059 he was best-known pan-Islamic intellectual
o Started Eng. Language paper Islamic Fraternity
7. Phan Boi Chau (1867-19405)
o Vietnamese; exiled
o Harnessed natonalist/internatonalist sentment in Japan
o Born into scholar-gentry family (like Liang Qichao)
o Sought out Liang and discussed internatonal afairs
o Saw Liang as inspiraton
8. Ho Chi inh
o Second generaton Vietnamese ant-colonialist
o Film made it America at the tme during which US was fghitng Ho Chi inh but they
were sympathetc to Ho Chi inh
o Dressed in the “ ao Suit” actually is the revolutonary Chinese natonalist costume (of
Sun Yat-Sen).
o Sun-Yat Sen suit is opposite of Westerners dressing simply classless cultureless way
of dressing
o Ho Chi inh; Chinese Educated so the ao suit is a great symobl of the intersecton
between arguments about imperialism but also class natonalism etc.
o Communist leaders and their natonalismm ishra is interested in this
o Japanese occupied French-Indo-China and French bureaucrats helped Japanese do
what they wnated which was strip all the rights of Vietnam (killing 205% of the
Vietnamese people) with the French help.
o Vietnamese rose up and fought Japanese successfully
o Vietnam as French colony
o By end of it Vietnamese revolutonaries were in control of territories mostly
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