Samenvatting
World Archaeology 1.2 summary
- Instelling
- Universiteit Leiden (UL)
World Archaeology 1.2 Prehistory of the Near East summary of the lectures at Leiden University.
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WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY 1.2 TENTAMENperiod time subperiod
Epi-palaeolithic 18000-9600 BC (Geometric) Kebaran 18000-12000 BC
Natufian 12000-9600 BC
Early Neolithic 9600-6900 BC PPNA Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 9600-8700 BC
PPNB Pre-pottery Neolithic B 8700-6900 BC
Late Neolithic 6900-5300 BC Early Pottery Neolithic 6900-6200 BC
Hassuna – Samarra – Halaf 6200-5300 BC
Chalcolithic 5300-3000 BC ‘Ubaid 5300-4000 BC
Late Chalcolithic – Uruk 4000-3000 BC
Bronze age (c. 3000-1200 BCE) Iron age (c. 1200-334 BCE)
IMPORTANT AREA’S
Anatolia Turkey, except the south eastern part
Mesopotamia Iraq, Northeast Syria, Southeast Turkey and western Iran
Caucasus Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and a little southwestern part of Russia
Levant Cyprus, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Syria and north-western Iraq
The Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia, west Levant and the Nile delta
Hilly flanks Above the fertile crescent
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
site county age importance
Jerf el Ahmar Syria Ca. 9600-8800 BC Domestication of crops, central communal building
Neolithic with communal storage facility. Community
ceremonies. Around central building, rectangular
buildings, ordinary houses. Communal cooking.
Maybe non-textual written communication.
Göbekli tepe Southeast Ca. 9500-8000 BC Ceremonial buildings and 200+ sculptured
Turkey, Anatolia early aceramic monoliths. T-monoliths decorated with pictures of
Neolithic and wild animals, birds, snakes, spiders and scorpions.
beginning later On a natural hill. Specific for rituals.
aceramic neolithic
Ohalo II Northern Israel, 20,000 BCE begin Epi- Microlithic chipped stone tools, tight cluster built
Levant Palaeolithic huts, single burial. Broad spectrum of plants and
animals, extensive use of storable plant foods, year-
round occupation of a settlement.
Tell Sabi Abyad I Syria Ca. 7000-6700 BC Tripartite buildings, no doorways, access probably
Late Neolithic from flat roof. Complexity not visible from outside.
Entire complex probably burned down. Hundreds of
pots, clay figurines and other things found. Sealings
and stamp seal impressions suggested private
property/ private storage in communal building.
- became the seed of a Assyrian fortress and a huge
c. 1230 BC
farm that fed the grand fezire eliparter. Ground tiles
were baked with tar between them. Also
communities of families. Graves with pottery vessels,
children buried insides pottery vessels and
cremations. Settlement burned by fire, in buildings in
situ contexts. Cuneiform text with letter to the
potter. Updraft kilns
, Abu Hureyra Northern Syria Ca. 11,000 BCE Epi- - Round houses sunk into ground, hunter-gatherer,
Palaeolithic abandoned in Younger Dryas
Ca. 8800 BC aceramic - one of the largest settlements, mudbrick
Neolithic rectangular houses with multiple levels, with storage
rooms. Unique insist transition foraging to farming
Çatalhöyük Turkey, Anatolia Ca. 7100-6000 BC Biggest and most developed settlement from, the
Neolithic. Rectangular houses, access from roof. Red
paint of floor and walls. Burials underneath
plastered platforms of houses. Exploitation of
recourses over a wide area.
Tell Brak/Nagar Northeast Syria c. 3800 BC Mass burial, more than 60 people. Evidence of
conflict between or within communities. Mittani
Uruk (Warka) Iraq The first real city, elites controlled daily life of
c. 2900 BC citizens. Eanna precinct, Inanna, goddess of war and
love. Anu temple, sky god An. In the White temple
burial of leopard an lion cub.
- 400 ha, small city size.
Ebla Syria -2350 BCE Palace G, burned down by Sargon of Akkad. 2,100
clay tablets stacked on wooden shelves,
arrangement reconstructed. Sumerian literate
administration of economic organization. Trade with
city of Mari. Powerbase agricultural hinterland.
Hattusa Turkey MBA (c. 2000-1650 Capital city of the Hittites, home of their gods.
BCE) - trading post of Assyrian merchants
c. 1650-1185 BCE - main focus nascent Hittites
Rock sanctuary of Yazilikaya, vertical rock with faces
of Hittite deities carved.
Eridu Southern Iraq Ubaid period Mud-brick structures, on chronological sequence
spanning almost all Ubaid period. Early evidence for
the role of the temple within Mesopotamian society
Mari Syria -1757 BCE Trade in Tin. The great palace of Zimri-Lim.
Destroyed by Hammurabi with fire. Drainage
systems suggest washing machines. Cuneiforms
written in Akkadian. Connections with Amorite
tribes.
Qatna West Syria Royal tomb of middle-late bronze age.
Kültepe Central Turkey -1760 BCE Massive palace of local Anatolian ruler, 15000
(Kanesh) cuneiform in Old Assyrian language.
Tell Aswad Damascus, Syria Ca. 8000 BC Plastered human skulls
Ugarit Mediterranean -1185 BCE Evidence for domestic life, international trade and
coast of Syria. the practice of sophisticated administration. In
Northern Levant fourteenth century BCE under control of Hittite.
Palace, famous in antiquity. Clay tablets in Akkadian.
Gods Baal and Dagan. Specialized in trade, large
amounts of gold and silver passing through city.
Earliest alphabetic script.
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