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Surrealismus Essay Architekturgeschichte auf Englisch
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Ein 20 seitiges Essay über Surrealismus auf Englisch
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ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKISCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
ERASMUS
—
02TH12
Art, Culture 20th-21th Century
—
Professor: Mpikas Panagiotis
Student: Mehtap Ak
SURREALISM
Essay Topic
,The first half of the 20th century posed significant challenges to the global community. After
World War I, people were left feeling frustrated and hopeless, seeking refuge in personal, ima-
ginary realms where their thoughts and ideas were valued. One such escape took form in the
Dada movement, which served as a means of expressing outrage and disillusionment. Tired of
the ravages of war, Dada artists, poets, and sculptors embarked on a quest to reinvent art and
challenge the existing world order. Renowned figures such as Hans Arp, Marcel Duchamp, and
Francis Picabia emerged as prominent voices within this movement.¹
Dadaism emerged simultaneously in Zurich, New York, and Paris during the First World War,
before finding its footing in Germany and eventually settling in France. Its heyday spanned
from 1916 to 1922. The movement aimed to ridicule what its proponents perceived as the futi-
lity of the modern world, promoting anti-war sentiments and creating works that were consi-
dered anti-art.² Many individuals joined the movement, criticizing bourgeois nationalism and
colonial interests, which they believed were the root causes of the war. Through their artistic
expressions, the Dadaists vehemently rejected the rationale and logic of bourgeois capitalist
society that had led to the outbreak of the First World War. In essence, they embraced chaos
and irrationality as a form of protest. The Dada movement positioned itself as an antithesis
to art, seeking to purify it through mockery. Consequently, the artists developed playful and
provocative pieces that evoked strong reactions.
For instance, Marcel Duchamp famously added a mustache to the portrait of Mona Lisa. Each
Dada artwork aimed to provoke and challenge established cultural and aesthetic norms, with
the ultimate goal of dismantling them. Despite its relatively short existence, Dadaism left a
lasting impact on contemporary art, advertising, and societal structures. Without Dadaism, it
is doubtful that movements such as Surrealism and other modern art forms would have emer-
ged.
1
, Speaking of, Surrealism, a subsequent and equally influential movement, emerged from Da-
daism. While Dada focused on presenting anti-art and highlighting the darkness and despair
of war, Surrealism approached reality with a more positive lens. Surrealism sought to expand
reality infinitely, rejecting the dichotomy between the real and the imaginary that had been
previously accepted.³
It stands out for its diverse styles united by a common goal of presenting reality in unconven-
tional ways and can be defined as the expression of the real process of thought through psy-
chic automatism in various forms, such as verbal expression, writing, or any other medium.4
While Surrealism has roots in the earlier Dada movement, it distinguishes itself by its more
organized and relevant approach to the real world. André Breton, the founder of Surrealism,
brought a unique perspective to the movement due to his background in medicine and psy-
chiatry.5 During World War I, Breton utilized his medical skills in a neurological hospital, trea-
ting soldiers afflicted with combat stress reaction. It was during this time that he discovered
the value of Sigmund Freud‘s psychoanalytic methods in their treatment. After the war, Breton
returned to Paris and became involved in the Dada movement. Together with his friends Louis
Aragon and Philippe Soupault, he co-founded a literary journal.6 Surrealism, unlike Dada, ai-
med not only to express personal views on social situations but also to tap into the artist‘s true
talent by exploring the depths of the subconscious.7
Surrealism emerged in the late 1910s and early 1920s as a literary movement experimenting
with automatic writing or automatism, a technique aimed at unleashing the untamed imagi-
nation of the subconscious. The movement gained official recognition in Paris in 1924 with the
publication of the Manifesto of Surrealism by André Breton, a poet and critic. Surrealism soon
became an international intellectual and political movement. Breton and his fellow French po-
2
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