TEST BANK
Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice
Susan G. Salvo
7th Edition Table of Contents
Chapter 01: History of Massage-Prehistoric Times to the Modern Era and Professional Societies, Organizations, and Associations 1
Chapter 02: The Therapeutic Relationship-Ethics, Cultural Competencies, and Boundaries 10
Chapter 03: Tools of the Trade-Tables, Accessories, Linens, Lubricants, Aromatherapy, Essential Oils, and the Massage Environment 23
Chapter 04: Career Longevity-Wellness, Wellbeing, and Self-Care 30
Chapter 05: Evidence-Informed Practice and Research Literacy 42
Chapter 06: Massage Therapy Research 52
Chapter 07: Body Mechanics, Client Positioning, and Draping 58
Chapter 08: Massage Techniques, Mobilizations and Stretches, Endangerment Sites, and Contraindications 69
Chapter 09: Concepts of Disease, Standard Precautions, Transmission-Based Precautions, Disinfection Procedures, and Emergency Preparedness 82
Chapter 10: Professional Standards-Scope of Practice, Standards of Care, Assessments, Documentation, Informed Consent, Treatment Planning, and Referrals 93
Chapter 11: Special Populations-Massage for Pregnant and Postpartum Clients, Infants, Children, Adolescents, Aging Adults, and Those with Visual, Hearing, and Mobility Impairment 105
Chapter 12: Hydrotherapy-Clinical Applications, Spa Applications, and Spa Procedures 116
Chapter 13: Foot Reflexology-Principles and Practice 127
Chapter 14: Clinical Massage-Pain Theories & Pain Management, Clinical Assessments, Clinical Application Methods, Sports Massage & Working with Athletics, Soft Tissue Injuries 132
Chapter 15: Seated Massage-Principles and Practice 146
Chapter 16: Asian Bodywork Therapy-Shiatsu, Thai Massage, Ayurvedic Principles, and Chakras 150
Chapter 17: Business Practices-Getting Started, Marketing, Professional Development, Accounting, and Planning 162
Chapter 18: Introduction to the Human Body-Medical Terminology, Cells, Tissues, and Body Compass 174
Chapter 19: Skeletal System, Pathologies, Disorders, and Injuries 188
Chapter 20: Muscular System, Pathologies, Disorders, and Injuries 199
Chapter 21: Kinesiology-Part A 210
Chapter 21: Kinesiology-Part B 258
Chapter 22: Integumentary System, Pathologies, Conditions, and Injuries 259
Chapter 23: Nervous System, Pathologies, Disorders, and Injuries 268
Chapter 24: Endocrine System and Pathologies 286
Chapter 25: Reproductive System, Pathologies, Conditions, and Disorders 297
Chapter 26: Cardiovascular System, Pathologies, and Disorders 309
Chapter 27: Lymphatic System, Pathologies, and Conditions 321
Chapter 28: Respiratory System, Pathologies, Conditions, and Disorders 329 Chapter 29: Digestive System, Pathologies, Dysfunctions, and Disorders 338
Chapter 30: Urinary System, Pathologies, and Disorders 347 Chapter 01: History of Massage: Prehistoric Times t o the Modern Era and Professional Societies, Organizations, and Associations Salvo: Massage Therapy, 7th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which method is defined as manipulation of soft tis sue using pressure and traction for clinical, therapeutic, and palliative purposes? a. Acupuncture b. Ayurveda c. Polarity therapy d. Massage therapy ANS: D Massage therapy the manipulation of soft tissue usi ng compression and decompression/traction for clinical, therapeutic, a nd palliative purposes or for wellness and self-care purposes. 2. Which origin for the word massage is Greek? a. Mashesh b. Masso c. Masser d. Makeh ANS: B The origin of the word massage is unclear, but can be traced to numerous sources: the Hebrew mashesh , the Greek masso and massin , the Latin massa , the Arabic mass’h , the Sanskrit makeh , and the French masser . 3. When was the earliest the term massage was used by most European-based cultures? a. 1600s b. 1700s c. 1800s d. 1900s ANS: C By the early 1800s, the term massage was used by mo st European-based cultures. Historically, massage was referred to by its techni ques such as friction or rubbing. 4. The first written records of massage date back to 3 000 BCE in which country? a. India b. China c. Egypt d. Greece ANS: B Written records regarding the practice of massage g o back to 3000 BCE in China. Acupuncture was not mentioned in Chinese writings u ntil 90 BCE. 5. Which work is commonly referred to as the classic s cripture of traditional Chinese medicine? ______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________Test Bank - Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice, 7th Edition (Salvo, 2023)
1 | P a g e a. Tao Te Ching b. Nei Ching c. Ayur -Veda d. Corpus Hippocraticum ANS: B At the time of Hwang Ti, various ideas and beliefs were compiled under the name of the Yellow Emperor (died in 2599 BCE) which became the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine known as the Nei Chang . The Nei Chang was written about 2760 BCE, and thi s work contains detailed descriptions of massage proc edures as well as herbal medicines. 6. What is the original massage technique in China and the precursor to manual and energetic therapies? a. Polarity b. Shiatsu c. Acupuncture d. Amma ANS: D Amma is regarded as the original massage technique and precursor to all other Chinese therapies, manual and energetic. 7. Which healing method is based on Hindu tradition? a. Ayurveda b. Shiatsu c. Amma d. Polarity ANS: A Knowledge of amma massage traveled to the subcontin ent of India from China, and massage became part of Hindu tradition. Massage is describe d in India’s first great medical texts, the Ayurveda books of wisdom (about 1800 BCE) and recom mend massage as an indispensable healing procedure. 8. Which method is Japanese but based on Chinese medic ine concepts, and uses pressure applied from the practitioner’s thumbs, elbows, and other p arts of the body? a. Ayurveda b. Shiatsu c. Massage d. Amma ANS: B Shiatsu is a Japanese method based on the same trad itional Chinese medicine concepts as acupuncture —energy flows in the body through strea ms called channels or meridians. Acupuncturists use needles at specific points to ba lance the flow of energy; shiatsu practitioners use their fingers, thumbs, forearms, elbows, and even their knees and feet. 9. Who is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine? a. Galen b. Celsus c. Rhazes ______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________Test Bank - Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice, 7th Edition (Salvo, 2023)
2 | P a g e d. Hippocrates ANS: D Hippocrates was known to be a fine physician, found er of a medical school, author of numerous books, and advocated the use of massage or “rubbing”. These works are collectively known as the Corpus Hippocraticum , and summarized much of what was known about disease and medicine in the ancient world. Hi ppocrates is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine, and he believed that physicians should avoid causing harm to patients. 10. Who wrote the Canon of Medicine, the most famous bo ok in the history of medicine in both the East and the West? a. Rhazes b. Celsus c. Avicenna d. Hippocrates ANS: C A text entitled or Canon of Medicine was written by one of the greatest Persian physicians of his era, Avicenna (9 80-1037). He was also known as Ibn Sina. The Canon of Medicine is the most famous book in th e history of medicine in both the East and the West. 11. Which individual discussed the effects of massage a nd used friction on joints in the 1500s? a. Paré b. Harvey c. Galen d. Mezger ANS: A Ambroise Paré (1515-1590) was a famous French surge on who was among the earliest individuals in this era to discuss the effects of m assage. He used friction to treat dislocated joints and other orthopedic conditions. 12. Who was the first known scientist to demonstrate th at blood circulation due to muscular contraction of the heart? a. Paré b. Galen c. Harvey d. Mezger ANS: C English scientist William Harvey (1578–1657) discov ered the circulation of blood in 1628, and his writings did much to promote the acceptance of massage as a treatment measure. Harvey observed the hearts of living animals and de termined that active phase of the heart muscular contraction (systole) pumped blood through arteries and veins. 13. Who developed the Swedish Movement Cure, which incl uded the use of massage? a. Johann Mezger b. Pehr H. Ling c. George Henry Taylor ______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________Test Bank - Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice, 7th Edition (Salvo, 2023)
3 | P a g e d. John Harvey Kellogg ANS: B Pehr Henrik Ling (1776 to 1839) developed his own s ystem of massage and exercises or gymnastics, the latter of which consisted of four t ypes—educational, military, medical, and esthetic. This system was called the Swedish Remedial Massage and Exercise, the Swedish Movement Cure, or simply the Ling system. 14. Which term describes a component of the Ling System ? a. Shiatsu b. Ayurveda c. Thai massage d. Swedish massage ANS: D The term Swedish massage was used to describe the massage component of Ling’ s system. For this reason, Ling is regarded as the father of Swedish massage. 15. Which individual is credited with having introduced French terms still in use to describe massage techniques? a. Johann Mezger b. William Harvey c. Pehr H. Ling d. Charles Taylor ANS: A French was the international language in the ninete enth century. The Dutch physician Johann Mezger (1838 to 909) is credited with having introd uced the French terminology still used to describe massage techniques (e.g., effleurage, pétr issage, tapotement) which is still used in massage legislation, medical insurance billing code s, and massage curricula. 16. Who is the founder of modern nursing, which include d massage as part of care? a. Tiffany Field b. Florence Nightingale c. Charles Fayette Taylor d. John Harvey Kellogg ANS: B Florence Nightingale (1829 to 1910) of England, fou nder of modern nursing, took care of wounded soldiers during the Crimean War (1853 to 18 56). She developed a standard of care for patients, and massage was an integral part of c are. When nurse training was developed, massage was included in the curriculum and massage was provided to patients as part of their comfort measures. 17. French physician Lucas-Championniere used massage a nd exercise to treat soldiers injured during which event? a. World War I b. World War II c. Civil War d. Viet Nam War ANS: A ______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________Test Bank - Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice, 7th Edition (Salvo, 2023)
4 | P a g e World War I provided countless opportunities for th e use of massage and exercise to rehabilitate injured soldiers. French physician Jus t Lucas-Championniere (1843 to 1913) advocated for the use of massage and passive moveme nts to treat soft tissue injuries and fractures. 18. In what year did George Henry Taylor and Charles Fa yette Taylor introduce the Swedish Movement system in the United States? a. 1796 b. 1856 c. 1911 d. 1958 ANS: B Drs. George Henry Taylor (1829 to 1899) and Charles Fayette Taylor (1827 to 1899) sailed to Sweden to study the Ling system and returned to the United States to open the Remedial Hygienic Institute of New York City in 1856. The in stitute was an orthopedic clinic specializing in Ling’s system of massage and exerci se. “Water cures” and nutrition were incorporated into their treatment regimen. 19. Who wrote the first American textbook on the Swedis h Movement System in 1860? a. Hartvig Nissen b. Andrew Weil c. George Taylor d. Douglas Graham ANS: C George Taylor wrote the first American textbook on the Swedish Movement System titled An Exposition of the Swedish Movement Cure (1860). 20. Who opened the Swedish Health Institute of Washingt on, DC, considered the first massage school in the United States? a. John Harvey Kellogg b. Douglas Graham c. Just Lucas -Championniere d. Hartvig Nissen ANS: D In 1883, Hartvig Nissen (1857 to 1924) opened the S wedish Health Institute of Washington, DC. This is considered the first massage school in the United States. 21. Who helped popularize massage therapy in the United States during the modern era by writing numerous books and publishing articles in his magaz ine, Good Health ? a. John Harvey Kellogg b. Douglas Graham c. Just Lucas -Championniere d. Hartvig Nissen ANS: A John Harvey Kellogg (1852 to1943) of Battle Creek, Michigan, promoted massage to the general public. He wrote numerous articles and book s on massage and published a magazine called Good Health . ______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________Test Bank - Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice, 7th Edition (Salvo, 2023)
5 | P a g e 22. Which massage organization took the first step towa rd professionalism by the establishing a massage curriculum and accreditation of massage sch ools? a. American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses b. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy c. Esalen Massage and Bodywork Association d. Society of Trained Masseuses ANS: D In 1894 the Commissioners of the British Medical Jo urnal published a report titled “The Scandals of Massage” to expose these practices. Thi s prompted nine British nurses and midwives to form a council of trained masseuses. Th e following year (1895), the council established the Society of Trained Masseuses. The f ounders of the Society acted to legitimize massage, which had become tarnished by its associat ion with prostitution. The Society established a massage practice model, which regulat ed massage through a published massage curriculum and accreditation of massage schools, wh ich included regular inspections and use of only qualified massage instructors. Members of t he Society were required to pass examinations and were subject to routine surveillan ce. 23. What was the original name of the American Massage Therapy Association? a. Society of Trained Masseuses b. Esalen Massage and Bodywork Association c. American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses d. Chartered Society of Massage and Medical Gymnastics ANS: C In 1943, postgraduates from the College of Swedish Massage in Chicago created the American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses, ren amed the American Massage and Therapy Association in 1958, then finally the Ameri can Massage Therapy Association in 1983. 24. When did the American Association of Masseurs and M asseuses become the American Massage and Therapy Association founded? a. 1943 b. 1958 c. 1965 d. 1987 ANS: B In 1943, postgraduates from the College of Swedish Massage in Chicago created the American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses, ren amed the American Massage and Therapy Association in 1958, then finally the Ameri can Massage Therapy Association in 1983. 25. When was the Associated Bodywork and Massage Profes sionals founded? a. 1926 b. 1943 c. 1965 d. 1987 ANS: D ______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________Test Bank - Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice, 7th Edition (Salvo, 2023)
6 | P a g e Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals was f ounded in 1987. 26. Which center was a think tank for human potential m ovement and the first exposure to massage for many people? a. Remedial Hygienic Institute b. Esalen Institute c. Swedish Institute d. Touch Research Institute ANS: B In 1962, Michael Murphy and Richard Pierce founded the Esalen Institute, a retreat center and think tank for human potential movement. For many p eople, Esalen was their first exposure to massage and where many came to learn massage. 27. What organization was established to advance massag e by supporting research? a. Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals b. National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massag e and Bodywork c. Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards d. Massage Therapy Foundation ANS: D In 1990, the American Massage Therapy Foundation wa s established by the AMTA to advance the massage profession through supporting s cientific research and evidence-informed practice. In 2004, the foundation became an indepen dent organization and changed its name to the Massage Therapy Foundation (MTF). 28. What organization offered a national certification exam in 1992 that was later adopted by most states as a licensure requirement? a. Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards b. National Certification Board of Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork c. Associated Bodywork and Massage Pr ofessionals d. American Massage Therapy Association ANS: B In 1992, the National Certification Board for Thera peutic Massage and Bodywork (NCBTMB) was founded after significant encouragemen t from the AMTA and other industry leaders. The objective was to create a national cer tification to facilitate massage licensing reciprocity throughout the United States. A nationa l certification examination was launched, and many states adopted it as part of their licensi ng requirements. 29. What type of credential did the National Certificat ion Board of Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork begin offering in 2013? a. Master’s certification b. Research licensure c. Board certification d. National licensure ANS: C In 2013, NCBTMB began providing board certification , which is currently the highest voluntary credential in the massage profession. Off ering the exam as part of state licensure was retired in 2014. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________Test Bank - Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice, 7th Edition (Salvo, 2023)
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