Samenvatting
Empirical Methods: Arts Policy Education Block 2 Summary
- Instelling
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)
Summary of the book 'Bryman: Social Research Methods' for Empirical Methods
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 3 van de 26 pagina's
Voorbeeld 3 van de 26 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Gekoppeld boek
Titel boek:
Auteur(s):
- Uitgave:
- ISBN:
- Druk:
Verkoper
VolgenVoorbeeld van de inhoud
Chapter 7 – The Nature of Quantitative ResearchThe process of quantitative research:
1. Theory
2. Hypothesis
3. Research Design
4. Devise measures of concepts
5. Select research site(s)
6. Select research subjects/respondents
7. Administer research instruments/collect data
8. Process data
9. Analyze data
10. Findings/conclusions
11. Write up findings/conclusions
1. Theory:
- Deductive approach to the relationship
o Deductive = Concept driven (look for theories/concepts)
- However, not a specification of hypothesis
- Instead, theory acts loosely as a set of concerns in relation to which the social researcher
collects data
2. Hypothesis:
- Likely to be found in experimental research
3. Research Design:
- Sometimes entail testing the hypothesis
- External validity of findings
- Researchers’ ability to impute causality to findings
4. Devise measures of concepts:
- Operationalization: Making concepts measurable, the operations by which a concept is
measured
5. Select research sites
- Appropriate setting for research
6. Select research subjects/respondents:
- Experimental research: subjects
- Survey research: respondents
7. Administration of the research instruments:
- Experimental research:
o Pre-testing subjects
o Manipulating independent variable
o Post-testing respondents
- Cross-sectional research (survey)
o Interviewing sample
o Questionnaire
, 8. Process Data:
- Once information has been collected it must be transformed into data
- Must be quantified (transforming it into numbers)
9. Analyze Data:
- Reduce the amount of data collected
- Test for relationships between variables
- Develop ways of presenting results
10. Findings
- Interpret the results of the analysis
- Connection between findings out of step 8
- Hypothesis: is it supported?
11. Writing
- Readers must be convinced that the research conclusions are important
- Findings are robust
- Significance and validity
Concepts and their Measurement
Concepts:
- Building block of theory
- Represent the point around which the social research is conducted
- Social class, job search method, health, lifestyle, emotional satisfaction etc.
Each concept represents a label that we give to elements of the social world
Concepts in quantitative research:
- Measurable concept
- Once measured: independent (manipulated) or dependent (observed) variable
Reasons to measure:
1. Delineate fine differences between people (characteristics)
- Finer distinctions are more difficult to recognize and detect
2. It gives us a consistent device for those distinctions
- Consistent instrument
o Ability to be consistent over time
o Ability to be consistent with other researchers
- Measure should be something that is not influenced by time or researcher
- Measurements are bound to be influenced by social change, not time
- Consistent results: reliability
3. More precise estimates (schatting) of the degree of relationship between concepts
- How closely are concepts related to each other?
Indicators:
- Operational definition:
o Procedures/operations used to measure/manipulate
, o Make sure concept is measured consistently
o Findings are reliable/replicable
Indicator: Allow the concept to be measured
- Already exists
- Indirect measure of a concept
Direct and Indirect Indicators:
- Their relationship to the concept for which they stand
- Data from survey = direct indicator of income
- Social class = indirect indicator of income
How indicators can be devised:
- Through a question
- Through a recording of individuals’ behavior
- Through official statistics
- Through an examination of mass media content (content analysis)
Likert-Scale:
- Multiple-indicator or multiple-item measure
- Set of attitudes relating to a particular area
- Measure intensity of feelings
- Series of statements (‘items’)
- Indicated level of agreement with statement (not questions)
- Five-point scale (strongly agree – strongly disagree)
- Items all relate to same object and should be interrelated
Potential problems with a single indicator
- Might incorrectly classify many individuals
- One indicator may capture only a portion of the concept/be too general
- Multiple-indicator makes finer distinctions
Dimension of concepts:
- Concept might comprises (omvatten) different dimensions
- Different aspects/components of the concept should be considered
- People scoring high on one dimension may not score high on other
You need a multidimensional profile for each respondent
Reliability and Validity
Reliability:
- Consistency of measures
- Does the measurement/test produce the same results when repeated under consistent
conditions?
3 different types of reliability:
1. Stability:
- Test-retest method
- Correlation: The strength of the relationship between 2 variables
- Whether a measure is stable over time
Problems with this approach:
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper loismeussen. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €7,48. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 50843 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen