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Hoorcolleges 7 tot 19, Take home Tentamen Geographies of Inequality

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Geographies of inequality

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Universiteit Van Amsterdam (UvA)

Lecture 7 (28 September) - Changing Fortunes of World Regions (Robert Kloosterman) Lecture 8 (3 October): Global Environmentalism and Governance (Joyeeta Gupta) Lecture 9 (5 October)- International Governmental Organisations in the 21st Century (Virginie Mamadouh) Lecture 10 (12 October)- Politi...

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Lecture 7 (28 September) - Changing Fortunes of World Regions (Robert Kloosterman)..................2
Lecture 8 (3 October): Global Environmentalism and Governance (Joyeeta Gupta)..........................4
Lecture 9 (5 October)- Internatonal Governmental Organisatons in the 21st Century (Virginie
Mamadouh)........................................................................................................................................6
Lecture 10 (12 October)- Politcal and Cultural Inequality in the EU (Virginie Mamadouh)...............8
Lecture 11 (31 October) -Spaces of Excepton (Wouter van Gent)...................................................11
Lecture 12 : Regional polarizaton in the Netherlands......................................................................12
Lecture 13 (9 November)- Politcal Responses to Regional Inequalites (Wouter van Gent)............12
Lecture 14 (14 November)- (In)formality, urban planning and Infrastructure ( Hebe Verrest).........14
Lecture 15 (16 November)- Housing and Setlements (Hebe Verrest)..............................................17
Lecture 16 (23 November) -Environmental Injustce (Rivve Jafe)....................................................19
Lecture 17 (28 November)- Time-space Trajectories and Inequality (Willem Boterman).................21
Lecture 18 (30 November)-Intersectonality and Geography (Willem Boterman)............................23
Lecture 19 (7 December)-Citzenship, Precarity and Social Rights (Dennis Arnold)..........................24

1

,Lecture 7 (28 September) - Changing Fortunes of World Regions
(Robert Kloosterman)
THE BIGGER PICTURE
1. Conceptual issues.
Many forms of inequality: Indicators:
- Income
- Wealth
- Educaton
- Health
Unit of analysis: Who are we looving at?
- Individuals: all adults, citzens, worvers?
- Householders
Dimensions of comparison:
- Spatal: local, regional, natonal, supranatonal
- Historic: changes over tme
- Social: loov at specifc groups; age, gender, ethnic, categories of households, worvers
How to measure?
- Never a perfect database
- The more fne-grained, the further bacv in tme, the wider the spatal scope, the more
difficult to get reliable data.
Sources: ways of dealing with data
- Absolute or relatve?
- Cut-of points (quintles, deciles)
- Gini-coefficient/shares
- Purchasing-power parites: what can someone in China buy for the same amount of money in
the US (e.g.)

2. Long-term view
Global inequality 1820-2011: there is a diference between inequality between countries and within
countries.
Between countries: global inequality increased throughout the 19 th century driven by increase in
mean incomes in (western) Europe, North America, Australia, while the rest of the world (India and
China) stagnant or declining incomes. The gaps between the countries increased in the 19 th century.
1980+: Global inequality decreased from 1980 onwards (esp. because of the rise in mean incomes in
South Korea, Indonesia, Thailand and China).
Within countries: rise in inequality in leading countries untl 1920, so a change afer WO1. Decrease
in inequality in leading countries 1920-1980. This was the impact of wars, labour unions, welfare
state policies, increase overall health and educatonal level.
1980+: Increase in inequality in leading countries from 1980 onwards. Because of technological
revoluton created rents in leading sectors, neoliberal policies, decline unions competton from low-
wage labour on global marvet (China became a compettor for the West), deindustrialisaton and
shif to services.

……
3. …

4. Changes in the global producton system
Second unbundling: conjuncton of ICT revoluton allowing frms to of-shore and outsource parts of
producton and opening up of China, India, former communist world.
Rise of global producton networvs
Threshold for entering global economy lowered

2

, Increasingly also services part of GPN (e.g. call centres).
Global producton
- Networvs
- Value
- Power
- Embeddedness

5. The role of services
Manufacturing model of development (First IR):
- Start with low-svilled manufacturing
- Rapid productvity gains
- Shif out of agriculture
- Urbanisaton
- Relatvely simple value chains (1st unbundling: resources-producton-consumpton)
Dimensions of diference:
- Role of import/export
- Governance (business system)
- Social impact (stratfcaton)
- Cultural impact
- Ownership/actors (branch plant)
- Pace and magnitude of development
Overall context afer 1990:
- Second unbundling/fragmentaton of value chains
- Processes of disembodiment and digitsaton of products
- Increasing levels of educaton in emerging economies
- Expanding digital infrastructure
- Processes of liberalisaton: cross-border communicaton beter possible
Traditonal view: growth of labour productvity in services too small (Baumol’s cost disease) to allow
for signifcant economic development; only manufacturing can provide high-growth potental.
Modern services (e.g. computer-related services, machinery rental, research, accountng, legal,
technical and medical services):
- ICT intensive
- Can be digitsed and unbundled
- Can be commodifed and traded
- Allow for greater gains in productvity.
The role of services:
Empirical evidence:
- Services contribute more to GDP growth in many developing countries
- Services fastest growing sector in global trade
- Average growth of service exports from poor countries has exceeded that of rich countries in
last two decades.
 See graph: in low developing countries services less important than developed. But in low
developing is the contributon much higher than in developed countries.
If you want to raise the mean income, than you have to raise the mean labour rate.
The developed countries stll trade more services than the developing countries.
- Modes of producton (potental for upgrading: becoming less or more asset-specifc and/or
codifable, spin-ofs?)
- Inserton in global producton networvs (local and global relatonship in terms of resources
and marvets)
- Role of power relatonships
- Models of competton and collaboraton.

3

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