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Ecology summary (NWI-BP030)

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This document is a summary of the course ecology. It describes and explains the following subjects: the individual, populations, species interaction, communities, ecosystems and landscape ecology.

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  • Section 3 to 5
  • 28 maart 2024
  • 12
  • 2023/2024
  • Samenvatting
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pleunmaarssen
Ecology
Radboud University
Pleun Maarssen


Inhoudsopgave
The individual................................................................................................................................................ 1
Energy sources......................................................................................................................................................2
Ecological stoichiometry.......................................................................................................................................2
Resource mutualism in plants..............................................................................................................................2
Resource mutualism in animals...........................................................................................................................3
Functional response.............................................................................................................................................3

Populations................................................................................................................................................... 3
Age distributions, survivorship curves, population growth..................................................................................4
Regulation and fluctuation...................................................................................................................................4
Life history variation.............................................................................................................................................4

Species interactions....................................................................................................................................... 5
Interspecific competition......................................................................................................................................5
Predation..............................................................................................................................................................6
Parasitism and disease.........................................................................................................................................6

Communities................................................................................................................................................. 8
community stability..............................................................................................................................................9

Ecosystems.................................................................................................................................................... 9
Energy flow...........................................................................................................................................................9
Flows of matter and decomposition...................................................................................................................10
Pools and fluxes..................................................................................................................................................10

Landscape ecology....................................................................................................................................... 11
Metapopulations................................................................................................................................................11
The theory of island............................................................................................................................................11




The individual

, Energy sources
 Autotrophs: use inorganic sources of carbon for their energy source
o Photosynthetic use c02 as carbon source and sunlight
o Chemosynthetic use organic and inorganic molecules as source of carbon
 Heterotrophs: use organic molecules as sources of carbon and energy
o They need: solar energy, carbon dioxide, mineral nutrients and water
 Categories of heterotrophs
o Herbivores feed on plants
o Carnivores mainly feed on animals
o Detritivores feed on non-living organic matter, usually plant remains

Ecological stoichiometry
 The balance of multiple chemical elements
 Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus make up the majority of the
biomass, 93 to 97%
 Plants need nutrients from the soil
 Animals require sodium and iodine and nutrients
 C:N ratio is higher in plants than herbivores
o This has to do with how plants are constructed
o The material plants are made off consist out of a lot of carbon
 Various parts of plants have different compositions and offer different resources
 herbivores
o Substantial nutritional chemistry problems
 must compensate for large difference between food nutrient content
o must overcome plant physical and chemical defenses
 Thorns, silica, cellulose, and lignin (hard to digest)
 Toxins, digestion-reducing substances
 Carnivores
o Need far less nutrition’s
o Predators and their prey have similar low C:N and C:P ratios
o Prey defences include
 Camouflage
 Anatomical and chemical features (spines, poisons)
 Behaviours (flight, flashing bright colours)

Resource mutualism in plants
 Plants cannot acquire their essential resources on their own
 Some are collected from the soil: CO2, carbohydrate, water
and some nutrients
 Mutualistic associations with mycorrhizal fungi
o Mutualism refers to interaction that is beneficial to
both parties
o The mycorrhizal provide plants with greater access to
inorganic nutrients: particularly P and also K, Cu, Zn
and N
o The mycorrhizal takes some of the energy that the plant send to the roots

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