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Solution Manual for Principles of Auditing and Other Assurance Services 22nd Edition by Ray Whittington, Kurt Pany 2024 || All Chapters ( 1 - 21 ) A+
CHAPTER 1
The Role of the
Public Accountant in the
American Economy
Review Questions
1-1 The ―crisis of credibility‖ largely arose from the...
principles of auditing and other assurance service
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CHAPTER 1
The Role of the
Public Accountant in the
American Economy
Review Questions
1-1 The ―crisis of credibility‖ largely arose from the number of companies that restated their previously
issued financial statements as a result of accounting irregularities and fraud. Especially responsible were
the very visible Enron and WorldCom fraud cases. Both companies filed for bankruptcy and constituted
the largest companies in American history to do so. The extent of the accounting irregularities and fraud
being investigated and disclosed brought into question the effectiveness of financial statement audits. In
addition, the criminal conviction of Arthur Andersen, LLP, one of the then Big 5 accounting firms, on
charges of destroying documents related to the Enron case brought into question the ethics standards of
the profession.
1-2 Assurance services are professional services that enhance the quality of information, or its context, for
decision-making. The two types are: (a) those that increase the reliability of information and (b) those
that involve putting information in a form or context that facilitates decision-making.
1-3 A financial statement audit is, by far, the most common type of attest engagement. The overall assertion,
made by management, most frequently is that the financial statements follow generally accepted
accounting principles.
1-4 A large corporation with securities listed on a stock exchange is required by the rules of the stock
exchange and by the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission to provide an audit report with the
annual financial statements furnished to its stockholders. It also is required to engage the auditors to
provide an opinion on its internal control. Apart from legal requirements, however, a large listed
corporation recognizes that it must maintain investor confidence in the reliability of its financial
statements and internal control over financial reporting if it is to continue to be able to secure capital
from the public. The report by a firm of certified public accountants adds credibility to the financial
statements prepared by the corporation. When a small family-owned enterprise elects to have an audit,
the purpose usually is to use the auditors' report to support an application for a bank loan.
,1-5 A report by an independent public accountant concerning the fairness of a company's financial statements
is commonly required in the following situations:
(1) Application for a bank loan.
(2) Establishing credit for purchase of merchandise, equipment, or other assets.
(3) Reporting operating results, financial position, and cash flows to absentee owners (stockholders
or partners).
(4) Issuance of securities by a corporation.
(5) Annual financial statements by a corporation with securities listed on a stock exchange or traded
over the counter.
(6) Sale of an ongoing business.
(7) Termination of a partnership.
1-6 To add credibility to financial statements is to increase the likelihood that they have been prepared
following the appropriate criteria, usually generally accepted accounting principles. As such, an increase
in credibility results in financial statements that can be believed and relied upon by third parties.
1-7 Business risk is the risk that the investment will be impaired because a company invested in is unable to
meet its financial obligations due to economic conditions or poor management decisions. Information
risk is the risk that the information used to assess business risk is not accurate. Auditors can directly
reduce information risk, but have only limited effect on business risk.
1-8 At the beginning of the century, the principal objective of auditing was the prevention and detection of
fraud. Audit work centered on the balance sheet, because the income statement was regarded as highly
confidential and not for public disclosure. Today, the principal objective of auditing is to form an
opinion on the fairness of financial statements and their conformity with generally accepted accounting
principles. But the professional standards also require that an audit be designed to provide reasonable
assurance of detecting material misstatements, due to errors or fraud. Particular emphasis is placed on
the income statement which is of great importance to investors. Auditing today also has the objectives of
meeting the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board for public companies.
1-9 The statement is incorrect. The increasing integrated databases of today, along with available audit
procedures make audited entire populations a possibility in many situations.
1-10 An operational audit attempts to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of a specific unit of an
organization. It involves more subjective judgments than a compliance audit or an audit of financial
statements because the criteria of effectiveness and efficiency of departmental performance are not as
clearly established as are many laws and regulations or generally accepted accounting principles.
The report prepared after completion of an operational audit is usually directed to management
of the organization in which the audit work was done.
1-11 A compliance audit is an audit to determine whether financial reports or other assertions are in
compliance with established criteria. The necessary ingredients are verifiable data and the existence of
standards established by an authoritative body. An operational audit, on the other hand, is a review of a
department or other unit of a business or governmental organization to measure the effectiveness and
efficiency of operations. Internal auditors often perform operational audits as do auditors employed by
the Government Accountability Office (GAO) of the federal government.
1-12 Internal auditors must be independent of the department heads and other line executives whose work they
review. However, internal auditors are not independent in the same sense as a public accounting firm.
, The public accounting firm serves many clients and the revenue obtained from any one client is only a
small part of the revenue of the firm. Internal auditors, on the other hand, are employees of one company,
and are subject to the restraints inherent in the employer-employee relationship. Internal auditors can
achieve a great deal of independence by reporting to the audit committee of the board of directors, but
they cannot achieve the same degree of independence as is possessed by the external public accounting
firm.
1-13 The internal auditors are employees of Spacecraft, Inc., and may be influenced by corporate management.
The public accounting firm is independent of the company and is in a better position to take positions
opposed to those of company management. The work of the internal audit staff emphasizes measurement
of the efficiency and effectiveness of various operating units of the company and compliance with all
types of controls, whereas the public accounting firm is primarily concerned with determining the fairness
of Spacecraft's financial statements.
1-14 The Government Accountability Office (GAO) is a staff of professional auditors which reports to
Congress. Its function is to determine that programs carried out by federal agencies conform to the
financial authorization of the Congress. It is also concerned with the cost-effectiveness of government
programs. The audit activities include investigation of the costs and performance of corporations holding
government contracts.
1-15 Among the many important contributions to auditing literature by the AICPA are the series of Statements
on Auditing Standards (SASs), Statements on Standards for Attestation Engagements (SSAEs), Industry
Audit and Accounting Guides, Audit Guides, Audit Risk Alerts, Statements on Standards for Accounting
and Review Services (SSARSs), , and the Code of Professional Conduct (only two required).
1-16 A peer review is a critical review of a public accounting firm's practices by another public accounting
firm (or other CPAs functioning as a peer review team). The purpose of a peer review is to encourage
adherence to quality control standards established by the accounting firm and the profession.
1-17 The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is an agency of the federal government and is
responsible for administering a number of acts, including the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934. In meeting this responsibility, the SEC reviews financial statements of
companies offering securities for sale to the public. It is particularly concerned with requiring full
disclosure of financial information and with preventing misrepresentation. Through the Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board, the SEC now oversees public accounting firms that audit public companies.
Included in this oversight process includes development of auditing, independence, and quality control
standards; inspection of performance; and enforcement of the standards.
The AICPA is the national organization of certified public accountants. It has long been a leader
in accounting and auditing research, in publication of authoritative accounting and auditing
pronouncements and studies, and in promoting high professional standards of practice.
1-18 Services offered by public accounting firms in addition to auditing include other forms of attestation, tax
work, consulting services, litigation support services, fraud investigation services, personal financial
planning and accounting services. This last category includes preparation of financial statements for
smaller companies that have limited accounting personnel and various types of write-up work. Public
accounting firms also perform a variety of other services. Consulting services include aiding clients in
the design of accounting systems, conversion to Information Technology (IT) systems, preparation of
budgets, planning business combinations with other companies, executive search, and numerous other
projects. Public accounting firms are restricted as to the consulting services that they may provide to
audit clients that are public companies.
, 1-19 The partnership form of organization for a public accounting firm offers several advantages over a sole
proprietorship. A partnership offers the opportunity for specialization by the partners in areas such as
taxation, auditing, and consulting services. Partners can discuss difficult technical problems among
themselves, and benefit from different perspectives. Also, the partnership may be better able to attract
and retain high quality professional staff, because they may be rewarded by acceptance into the
partnership.
1-20 The following characteristics of a professional corporation distinguish it from the traditional corporation:
(1) All shareholders must be engaged in the practice of public accounting.
(2) To the extent possible, directors and officers should be certified public accountants.
(3) Shares of a professional corporation may be transferred only to those engaged in public
accounting or to the corporation itself.
(4) The corporation's shareholders and employees have liability equivalent to other forms of
organizations (i.e., the corporate form of organization does not reduce liability). Note, however,
that CPAs may choose to purchase liability insurance to limit potential liability.
1-21 Local firms usually have only one or two offices, are headed by a single CPA or have a few CPAs as
partners, and serve clients in a single city or area. The services provided are mostly income tax work,
consulting services, and accounting services. Auditing is often only a small part of the practice.
Regional firms often arise from the merger and expansion of local firms. They typically maintain
several offices in neighboring cities and states. Auditing is a more important function for regional firms
than for the local firms, because larger businesses are included among the clients.
National firms have offices in most major cities in the United States and some operate in other
countries as well. These firms offer a full range of services, with auditing often representing the largest
single portion of the practice.
International firms have offices in most of the world’s major cities. These firms offer a full range
of services, with auditing often representing the largest single portion of the practice.
1-22 The various levels of accounting personnel in a large public accounting firm are staff auditors, senior
auditors, managers or supervisors, and partners (and principals).
The staff auditor performs audit procedures such as the observation of physical inventories and
confirmation of receivables under the supervision of a senior. The senior auditor plans and coordinates
the audit and drafts the audit report. The senior also reviews working papers, controls the allocation of
audit time, and trains assistants on the job. The manager or supervisor usually is responsible for
supervising and reviewing several audit engagements concurrently, and resolving significant problems
with the client. The partners maintain contacts with clients, develop new business, establish policies of
the firm, review the adequacy of audit work, and sign audit reports. The engagement partner is
responsible for performance of the audit in accordance with professional standards. A partner also
devotes time to the recruitment and development of staff, to AICPA and other professional group
activities, to educational and other civic activities, and generally to promoting an environment in which
the firm can prosper. The position of principal, which is often held by top-ranking consulting personnel
who do not hold the CPA certificate, has responsibilities similar to those of a partner.
1-23 The most significant responsibilities of a partner in a public accounting firm include (only three required:
Assume ultimate responsibility for the audits assigned to him or her
Sign audit reports
Review the audit work for compliance with firm and professional standards
Maintain relations with audit clients
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