This is a full summary of all the literature of the course 'Etiology of Offender Types and Forensic Neuroscience' for the master 'Forensic and Legal Psychology'. If the literature changes, it might contain some abundant information. It is 86 pages, so very extensive!
Etiology of Offender Types & Forensic Neuroscience – Complete Summary
Week 1
The relationship between mental disorders and different types of crime Vinkers (2011)
Abstract
Objective: examining the relationship between types of mental disorder and types of crime
in pre-trial defendants
Discussion: mental disorders are related to all types of crimes but especially to arson,
battery and homicidal attempts or threat
In Dutch courts, accountability is considered to be diminished if there is a clear relationship
between a mental disorder and the crime committed. A severe mental disorder, usually of a
psychotic nature, is a necessary condition for total absence of responsibility.
This paper examines relationship between a range of specific mental disorders and
different types of crimes and tests the extent to which the courts perceived mental disorder
to have been a factor in the crimes as charged
Results
- 21,424 Dutch pre-trial psychiatric reports were analyzed
- The total prevalence of mental disorders was highest where the main charge was a
property crime and lowest where it was murder (table 1)
- Accountability was most often considered to be undiminished in respect of sexual or
homicide charges and least often in arson and battery. Strongly diminished or absent
accountability was more common in arson, battery and homicidal attempt or threat
(table 2)
- There is a strong relationship between mental disorder and diminished accountability
Discussion
All types of mental disorder were related to all types of criminal charge but some
crime/disorder relationships were stronger than others.
- The presence of any mental disorder among pre-trial forensic patients is most
strongly associated not only with arson and battery and homicidal attempts or
threats but also with sexual and violent crimes
- Most important findings:
Psychotic disorders were associated with all different types of crimes, except rape
Developmental disorders were most strongly associated with homicide
Personality disorders were especially associated with sexual crimes and homicide
An IQ lower than 85 points was most strongly related to sexual crimes
Cannabis and hard drugs were only significantly associated with decreased
accountability in arson
, Mental disorder: crime relationships and the nature of the sample
- The relationship between crime and mental disorder was to be expected, because
the major criterion for inclusion of a report was that the defendants needed a
psychiatric assessment for the court
A selection bias was found, which leads to the overestimation of the frequency of
mental disorders
- An important strength of this study is that the direct relationship between mental
disorders and different types of crimes is examined through the accountability
considered in the pre-trial psychiatric examination
Gives information on whether the crime may be directly attributed to the disorder
or whether there is only an indirect association (e.g. through low socio-economic
status)
- Defendants of homicide have a low prevalence of mental disorders, but they are
relatively often considered as diminished accountable (deviance hypothesis = severe
crimes are more often related to mental disorders)
- Defendants of rape and sexual crimes are more often considered as accountable in
comparison with other defendants and suffer less often from mental disorders (with
some exceptions)
,Latent class analysis identified phenotypes in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum
disorder who engage in agressive behavior towards others Lau (2019)
Abstract
- This paper adresses the inconsistencies found in previous research on typology of
offenders with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) by applying latent class
analysis (LCA)
- Results were compared with Hodgins’ theoretically postulated patient typologies and
confirm three separate homogeneous classes of schizophrenic delinquents
Introduction
People with SSD have an elevated risk of being convicted of criminal offenses, but as a
group, offenders with SSD seem to be very heterogenous. Efforts have been made to
structure this heterogeneity:
- Hodgins’ theoretical framework – typology investigating offender patients suffering
from “severe mental illness” (SMI) with three subgroups of offenders affected by
both SMI and SSD:
1. Early starters (ES) – committing an offence before 18 OR being diagnosed with
conduct disorder before 15 OR offending before first evidence for an SM
2. Late starters (LS) – committing an offence after age 18 OR not being diagnosed
with conduct disorder before age 15 OR offending after evidence of an SMI had
been reported
3. Late late starters (LLS) / first offenders (FO) – small group with chronic
schizophrenia, but without any prior history of aggressive or antisocial behaviour,
who typically engage in (actual or attempted) homicide of those caring for them
- This study tries to resolve inconsistencies in prior research:
Objective 1: are there two or three subgroups of offenders with SSD?
Objective 2: what are the different operalizations of Hodgins’ typology that have
been applied?
Method
- 370 offenders with schizophreniform disorders including all types of schizophrenia,
schizoaffective disorder, and delusional disorder were identified and their case files
covering only one treatment period for each individual were included in the present
study
- LCA was performed, which is a type of finite mixture model designed for analysing
multivariate categorical data
, Results/discussion
This study applied LCA as a case-centred analytic approach and focused on similarities and
differences between classes of offenders with SSD instead of between the variables
examined.
- Objective 1: this study confirms the existence of THREE subgroups of offenders
proposed in prior research
- Objective 2: results indicate each of the variables operationalizing Hodgins’ offender
typology —in terms of age at first inpatient treatment, age at estimated illness onset,
or age at first diagnosis of a SSD —differentiate better between subgroups of
offender patients than the crime-schizophrenia-sequence variable
Using age at first criminal registry entry may serve as a fair differentiator of
offender patients into Hodgins’ subgroups for future research
- For prevention, early intervention and treatment of offenders with SMI or SSD, it is
important to provide further details on the subgroups (e.g. through measuring the
presence and extent of personality disorders and psychopathy in addition to SSD)
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