High-quality notes for the Introduction to EU law part of the course of Introduction to International and European law
Included: text from the PP and everythign mentioned during the lectures
Certain concepts explained more profoundly
Lecture 1: History, Autonomy and Supremacy
DEVELOPMENT OF EU LAW
- Original purpose:
o To ensure peace and well-being Art. 3(2) TEU
- Means: Integration of socio-economic development (share resources, values and views)
o Neo-functionalism let’s share resources so we don’t have to fight for them
Deepening of EU law (Art. 4 TEU)
Spill-over successfully integrate one area and go deeper (because of its success
integration spills over other sectors)
o Expansion through MS territorial expansion
Widening of the EU
- Nature: 3 forms of co-operation can be recognized in treaties of EU; all 3 work at the same time
o Intergovernmentalism allows states to cooperate in specific fields while retaining their
sovereignty
E.g. CFSP
o Supranationalism majority of cases: supranational approach (where states lost veto power)
Power is delegated to authority by governments of MS
E.g. Commission, ECJ
o Federalism at heart of the integration process
There is a direct connection between MS and the EU
DEEPENING of EU law
- In the beginning coal and steel; other areas added with time: energy, workers, social protection, etc.
- Successful integration of one sector spill over to other sectors
o Neo-functionalism
o From socio-economic to political
- 1952 Coal and Steel Community (ECSC): France, Germany, Italy, Benelux
o Created to integrate one industrial sector
- 1957 – ongoing Market and Nuclear Energy Integration
o Treaties of Rome: EEC, Euratom
- 1992 – ongoing Socio-Political aspect (rights)
o Maastricht: 3 communities EU (merged)
- 2009 – ongoing Fundamental Rights, Monetary Union
- Variable speed in the integration process has never been constant
o E.g. 1966-1980 – Eurosclerosis: France refused to fully participate high unemployment, slow
job creation no political unanimity between MS
o Luxemburg Accords 1966: De Gaulle boycotted EU because of its supranationalism (the
Commission) compromise:
Veto power
QMV
Restrain to the Commission
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,Intro to EU law notes
A. Costov
o Economic crisis 1970
o 2008 – ongoing economic crisis
EU has two purposes:
1. General = peace and well-being
2. Individual = e.g. studying abroad, pursuing individual interests
WIDENING of the EU (MS) Art. 49 TEU
- 1957 6 MS
- 1973 9 MS
- 1981 10 MS
- 1986 12 MS
- 1999 15 MS
- 2004 25 MS
- 2007 27 MS
- 2013 28 MS
- 2017 ?
INTERGOVERNMENTAL SET-UP
- Rome (1957)
- Nice (2001)
- Rome (2005)
o Failure
- Lisbon (2007)
- All are int. treaties but have to be read in the EU way. EU way of reading differs from international
SUPRANATIONAL SET-UP
- SEA 1987 (Single European Act)
o From unanimity to QMV in the Council (int. market)
o About 270 Directives of the 280 adopted in 5 years after the change
o Directives creating and governing internal market
- Legal change in votes fastened the political process
- Maastricht Treaty 1992
o From EEC to EC (social policy, more intergovernmentalism)
o EU (CFSP & JHA) intergovernmental
o Council shares legislative powers with EP
- Amsterdam 1997
o More QMV and more co-decision
- Rome 2005
- Lisbon 2007
o TEU and TFEU (more QMV and co-decision)
o CFSP still intergovernmental
o Charter of Fundamental Rights
3
, Intro to EU law notes
A. Costov
o Steady increase of supranational character
NATURE OF EU LAW
New legal order with special characteristics: autonomous and supreme
- AUTONOMY (Van Gend en Loos)
o EU itself decides on its applicability in national orders (11-19)
o Court of Justice asked to clarify what is the legal order, meaning of the treaties and the nature of the
EC
o Should we (states, here NL) use national or EU law?
o ECJ: EU is an autonomous legal order and decides how it creates and affects national legal orders
of the MS by itself = power to decide how to influence national legal orders
o EU decides how to create rights and obligations
Monist approach: international law automatically incorporated into national system
Dualist approach: international law is transposed into national system as national law
o BUT: independently of MS’ approaches to int. law, EU is an autonomous legal order and decides
how it is going to create rights and obligations by itself
- SUPREMACY (Costa/ENEL)
o Precedence of EU law over conflicting national law (12-19)
o National courts: lex posterior derogate legi anteriori BUT!
o EU law prevails regardless the time when national law was enacted
- National Identity:
o Article 3(2) TEU, Article 4(2) TEU
o Compatible with supranationalism because was created by the supranational power: supreme EU
law orders us to respect national identity
2 PERSPECTIVES on the question of SUPREMACY
- EU perspective:
o All Union laws prevail over all national laws all the time
- National perspective:
o Some national law is considered to be beyond the supremacy of the EU ; expressed in 2 contexts:
EU law cannot violate national fundamental rights
MS insists they have the last word regarding the competences of the Union (=deny Union’s
unlimited competences)
- Because of the nature of EU law, MS introduced institutional principles
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