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Summary History of the Modern World Since 1750 - Partial Exam 1 - Midterm €2,99   In winkelwagen

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Summary History of the Modern World Since 1750 - Partial Exam 1 - Midterm

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Summary of the midterm/ first partial exam for the course: History of the Modern World Since 1750. First year at University of Amsterdam Political Science.

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  • Nee
  • H1-16
  • 1 maart 2019
  • 32
  • 2018/2019
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History of the Modern World Since 1750
Political Science – Universiteit van Amsterdam


History of the Modern World Since 1750 –
Lecture 1
1. History and Political Science
1. History of the modern world as the analysis of societies and relationships and how
these interacted, changed and became modern since the 18th century.
1. Social Structures
2. Economic Structures
3. Political Structures
4. Cultural repertoires

2. Enlightenment
Immanuel Kant: improving yourself, understanding nature, rationalist thinking

Conceptualisation:
 Reality is something you can know and understand, determined by natural forces. Science
became a way of understanding the world, more than medicine etc.
 Rational, experimental and empirical scientific methods can answer everything of society and
nature
 Nature and society can be controlled by application of universal knowledge
 Humanity can be raised to attain a higher degree of perfection

3. Enlightenment as intellectual societal phenomenon
Descartes
 Systemic doubt of observation & ideas
 Mathematics as logical reasoning
 Deduction - 1 experiment to prove to 1000 objects
 Cartesian Dualism - material and nonmaterial (mind), all material can be understood

Francis Bacon
 Understanding and controlling nature
 Observation, experimentation and reasoning as a method
 Induction - 1000 experiments to prove 1 point
 The New Atlantis (1627) - Utopian view of the world, need to do more to improve the world
than just believing in God

Deism - A philosophical belief that posits that God exists as an uncaused First Cause ultimately
responsible for the creation of the universe, but does not interfere directly with the created world.
Equivalently, deism can also be defined as the view which posits God's existence as the cause of all
things, and admits its perfection (and usually the existence of natural law and Providence) but rejects
divine revelation or direct intervention of God in the universe by miracles. It also rejects revelation as
a source of religious knowledge and asserts that reason and observation of the natural world are
sufficient to determine the existence of a single creator or absolute principle of the universe.
 Voltaire
 ‘The Watchmaker’
 Tolerance

,  Personal God - 1 on 1 relation in what you believe in
 Dismissive of organized religion and the institution of the church

Enlightenment as a social & cultural phenomenon
 Culture of salons, associations, loges etc.
 Education
 Women as gatekeepers (Geoffrin, Julie de Lespinasse)
 Literacy brought on discussion, ⅓ of men could read and write, easier to transfer information
 Censorship

4. Natural Law and Enlightened Political Ideas
Thomas Hobbes
 The state of nature and natural law
o You don't want to live in the natural state, the only thing you can rely on is yourself.
All against all. Individualism
 The monopoly of power
 Absolute rule
o First amongst the people, all liberties to the ruler, a leviathan. Peace, stability,
structure and knowing what life is like. Rule of law creates indirect trust amongst
people.

John Locke
 Personal liberties
o Government needs to ensure liberties
 The consent of the government
o Advocates limitations of governmental powers
 Parliament and representation
 Property and labour
 Liberalism

Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 Economic inequality as foundational for general inequality
o Small wealthy population brings distrust and influence over poor classes
 Social Contract and his critique of the French hierarchical society
 The General Will
o The process towards the general good
o Authoritarian rule of law, no opposition

Baron de Montesquieu
 L'esprit de lois (1748)
 Trias politica as political structure for a division of governmental functions and powers
o Judicial, Legislative, Executive
 Protecting liberty and society

5. Enlightened Despotism
 Secular perspective by hereditary rulers
o Curtailing medieval forces and customs
o Centralising of government, taxes, infrastructure, laws
 Driven by les philosophes and military necessity
 Limits on reformability of hierarchical society and resurgent forced of church and nobility
 Catalysing social unrest and problems

,
, History of the Modern World Since 1750 –
Lecture 2
The Industrial Revolution in England
Factor: technological innovations and the increase of scale
The Increase of production in manufacture/industry and agriculture was accelerated by technological
innovation (collaboration by entrepreneurs, technicians and scientists):
 James Hargreaves’ spinning jenny (1764)
 James Watt’s improved steam engine (1777)

Factor: The gradual disappearance of Commons and Open Fields
 Rising prices of wool, wheat and other agricultural goods motivated farmers to invest in the
enlargement of landownership to enable more efficient use of land
 Around 1700 between 40% and 50% of all English agricultural grounds were in common use;
around 1800 Commons and Open Fields were a rarity

Enclosures in England
The Enclosure Movement caused more private ownership in agriculture
 Parliament enacted laws to facilitate the Enclosure Movement
 Enclosure was the legal process in England of consolidating (enclosing) small landholdings
into larger farms. Once enclosed, use of the land became restricted to the owner, and it ceased
to be common land for communal use.

Plus the effect of technological innovation Resulting in greater production and profit motive

 Jethro Tull (1674-1741) enlarged his privately owned land through enclosures and was
inventor of a seed drill and more efficient horse-hoe (to cultivate the land)
 The potato became popular food in Northwestern Europe: more calories per unit of food
compared to wheat products. It served as a cheap source of calories and nutrients that was
easy for urban workers to cultivate on small backyard plots. Potatoes became popular in the
north of England, where coal was readily available, so a potato-driven population boom
provided ample workers for the new factories.

New scientific knowledge about the importance of hygiene
 The use of soap
 Improved hygiene in obstetrics: decrease of infant and maternal mortality
 Development of smallpox vaccine (Edward Jenner 1796)

Consequences of population growth, technological innovation, private
ownership and profit motive
 Migration of excess labor from rural areas to urban areas (urbanisation)
o Despite the growth in wealth and industry urbanization also had some negative
effects. On the whole, working-class neighborhoods were bleak, crowded, dirty, and
polluted.
 Further increase of production and scale

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