Structure and main concepts of the book Sensation and Perception Chapter 7. Contains the definitions included in the book and the main concepts. The structure of the book is depicted and the final summary of the book is included.
Attention and scene perception
All senses receive more input than we can handle.
Attention = name we give to a family of mechanisms that restrict or bias processing in various ways.
Attention = any of the large set of selective processes in the brain. To deal w/ the impossibility of
handling all inputs at once, the nervous system has evolved mechanisms that are able to bias processing
to a subset of things, places, ideas, or moments in time.
Can be external (stim in the world) or internal (attend to one line of thoughts as opposed to another;
select one response over another).
Can be overt (directing a sense organ at a stimulus: fixating the eyes e.g.) or covert (point eyes on the
page but attend to a person of interest on the left).
Divided attention: read & be aware of the music at the same time.
Watching the pot to note the moment when water begins to boil = vigilance task requiring sustained
attention.
Here: focus on selective attention (= ability to pick one (or a few) out of many stimuli).
Selective attention = form of attention involved when processing = restricted to a subset of the possible
stimuli.
Selection in space
Reaction time (RT) = measure of time from the onset of a stim to a response.
Cue = stim that might indicate where/what a subsequent stim will be. Cues can be valid (giving correct
info), invalid (incorrect) or neutral (uninformative).
Exogenous cue = in directing attention, an exogenous cue = located out at the desired final location of
attention.
Endogenous cue = located in or near the current location of attention.
Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) = time btwn onset of one stim & onset of another.
Inhibition of return = relative difficulty in getting attention (/the eyes) to move back to a recently
attended (/fixated) location.
The “spotlight” of attention
Visual search
Visual search = search for a target in a display containing distracting elements.
Target = goal of a visual search.
Distractor = any stim other than the target.
Set size = number of items in a visual display.
Feature searches are efficient
Feature search = search for a target defined by a single attribute, such as a salient colour or orientation.
Salience = vividness of a stim relative to its neighbours.
Parallel search = search in which multiple stim are processed at the same time.
Many searches are inefficient
Serial self-terminating search = search from item to item, ending when a target is found.
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