- L1 English speakers
- The New World; exploration and settlement, slavery and punishment
- English speakers from England, Scotland and Ireland migrated to North America and
the Caribbean, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand.
Effect: English dialect developed into varieties in response to changed and changing
sociolinguistic contact of the migrants (indigenous population)
Norm-providing, inner circle
First Dispersal Countries
North-America
1584 Renoake Island (North Carolina): Walter Raleigh’s expedition to America: no
permanent settlement
1607 Jamestown, Virginia: arrival of the first permanent colonists
Brought the Rhortic R and the Voiced S known as tidewater accent
Most commonly associated with present day American speech
1620 Plymouth, Massachusetts: new group of colonists, puritans (pilgrim fathers) 35
members of an English separatist church arrived on the Mayflower.
Lacked –R sound and the A vowel was long (a:) RP dominant influence.
During the 17th century English spread to the southern part of America and the Caribbean as
a result of the slave trade. (Slaves were transported from West Africa and exchanged on the
American coast and in the Caribbean for sugar and rum.)
Canada
1597 John Cabot
1702 – 1713 Queen Anne’s War
1754 – 1763 French & Indian War
From England, Ireland and Scotland
1776 The Late Loyalists left after the publication of the Declaration of Independence to
cheaper lands (upper Canada)
,Features Canadian English
1. Originate from Canada and used everywhere and are even part of World Standard
English
2. Some features originate outside Canada (Chiefly US, UK and French), and are used
consistently by everyone in a particular region. (e.g. prime minister)
3. Some features can be identified as US EN, and are used by only a small part of the
population.
4. Some features can be identified as UK EN, and are used by only a small part of the
population
Spelling = French
Vocabulary = mainly UK, also from native Americans and other words borrowed from
French.
Pronunciation: Mainly US, also from native Americans
Discourse > using ‘eh’ as question tag
Canadian dialects
- Newfie
- Quebec: bilingualism
- The Ottawa Valley: Scottish influences
- Southern Ontario: most populated part
- The Prairies: grain, cattle and oil
- The Arctic North: Inuit languages and influences
Australia
1770 James Cook discovers Australia landing in modern day Queensland
1788-1852: Prisons in England were overcrowded so the convicts (free settlers) were
transported to Australia first fleet of 11 ships from England to botany bay
Mid 19th century: they achieved substantial numbers. From then on immigration increased
quickly.
Mixed lexical character because of:
- Original Australian features
- English features
- American features
Struggles to choose an identity. Two options:
- Preserve British cultural values
- Preserve Australian cultural values (nationalism)
Aboriginal influences
Aboriginals of Australia (and the Maori of New Zealand) weren’t with many when the
settlers arrived. Some plant-, place- & animal names are Aboriginal (Kangaroo, Koala,
Gnaraloo).
, Facts:
- 1902 second country in the world to give woman the right to vote
- 200 different languages
- 45 indigenous languages
- most common non-English spoken language is Italian, Greek, Arabic, Vietnamese and
Mandarin
Australian English: 4 cities on the coast; Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth. ‘’Single
voice’’ on the radio. Little geographical variation. No notable grammatical differences. Only
a few regional differences (stroller vs pusher for a child’s push-chair).
3 types of accent variation in Australian English:
- General: most common neutral accent. Regarded as mix of both the Broad and
cultivated accents, with the General accent displaying elements of both extremes
cultivated.
- Broad: associated with ‘internationally portrayed’ Australians such as Steve Irwin,
Paul Hogan and even Kath and Kim. Portrayed by greater nasality as well as greater
accentuation of the Australian vowel sound. Few people actually speak like this.
- The Cultivated: associated with British Received Pronunciation (RP) and has an
element of overt prestige. Associated with intelligence and competency.
Stolen generation
1909-1969 Australian parliament authorized the removal of aboriginal and Torries strait
island children from their family all over Australia to breed out the black. The removal was
carried out by state federal government officials and by church missions.
Reasons:
- Protection: claims that the families couldn’t care properly for their children
- Religion: children need a religious Christian education
- Welfare: children needed to be taught skills and trades in modern society
(housekeepers, gardeners)
- Economic: need for cheap, semi labor
- Racist: claims that if the light-skinned children could marry whites it would ‘’breed
out the black’’
Half-castes: half white/ half Aborigine. Of mixed racial descent.
Purpose of Rudd’s apology:
The purpose of the apology was not to provide the nation a
fleeting feel-good moment," Mr Rudd said. "[It was to] harness our collective energies [for]
breaking the cycle of Indigenous advantage for the future.
1850s – 1978: white Australian policy
White settlers were given citizenship and rights where non-white migrants weren’t
welcomed
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