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Summary KRM 210 chapter 1 notes- Terminology overview
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An in-depth summary of Chapter 1 in the prescribed textbook, 'Child and Youth Misbehaviour in South Africa'.
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INTRODUCTION Across the globe, young people bear the brunt of conflicts, trafficking,
poverty, sexual victimization, broken families, school disruption and
harmful cultural practices.
The absence of socialisation structures to teach children the fundamental
moral values of right and wrong is also absent in many young people’s
lives.
In recent times, children spend much more time online and on social
media which may affect their physical, emotional, and psychological
development.
The era of smart devices has also created a culture of judgmental critics.
o The shortcomings of a peer are evaluated and discussed on social
media platforms, which contributes significantly to the mental
health of the victims.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in 2020–2021 many children suffered
severe effects regarding education and basic rights to education.
“Adolescence is a time of trial and uncertainty, a time when youths
experience anxiety, humiliation and mood swings”.
o Their major task in adolescence is to become their “own person”
one day.
In late adolescence, youths experience problems with role identity.
o During the process of role identity formation, they develop a strong
sense of who they are and what they stand for.
o Role diffusion occurs when adolescents experience uncertainty and
place themselves at the mercy of figures of authority who promise
them a sense of identity, they cannot establish for themselves.
Infanticide: The killing of children by their parents.
Neonaticide: The killing of a baby within the first 24 hours of its life.
Filicide: A child older than 24 hours who is killed by one or both parents.
Before the recognition of childhood and adolescence as distinct
developmental phases, child-rearing practices in England and America
were, to a large extent, characterized by cruelty and inhumane treatment.
Environmental factors influence the development of the mind.
, Since it was believed that the main danger facing the youth was sinning,
the goal of child rearing was salvation.
o Religious instruction, the stamping out of sin using hard work and
the regular meting out of severe punishment played an important
role.
o In this way, the innate tendency to sin and to behave according to
the will of Satan could be controlled.
From the outset, children were expected to fit into the adult world and to
display adult behaviour without receiving adequate guidance and support.
o This lack of guidance and the meting out of harsh disciplinary
measures for the slightest deviation from the prescribed
behavioural code meant that many children were perceived to be
exhibiting misbehaviour.
“The battered child syndrome” = allowed the development of a
collective consciousness regarding the plight of children and resulted in
legislation and global initiatives to care for and protect them.
, THE EUROCENTRIC INFLUENCE ON SOUTH AFRICAN
CHILDREN AND YOUTH
Eurocentric influence played a fundamental role in shaping how white
children were raised.
Even before being influenced by Eurocentric child-rearing practices, many
black cultures also imposed severe punishment for misbehaviour, while
abandoning children was also accepted traditionally among some black
groups in South Africa.
The “New World” that was exported from Europe to Africa via the settlers
and the colonial administrators resulted in a process of acculturation.
o This acculturation, in which black people found themselves caught
between their traditional culture and Western culture, resulted in
blacks adopting some Western views regarding child rearing and
punishment for misbehaviour.
o Formal employment (e.g. gardening or selling newspapers), the
migration of labourers (from rural to urban settings), cheap labour
practices (e.g. using children to sell newspapers on the street or to
work on farms during harvesting time) and the brutal approach of
their own families and societies to any unacceptable behaviour or
genetic abnormalities had a severe impact on the black youth of
South Africa.
Another factor that significantly influenced the lives of black families and
how children were raised was the introduction of the apartheid system in
1948.
o Malpractices such as the imposition of pass laws forced removals to
so-called homelands, the disruption of the family unit, inferior
schooling, the lack of compulsory education and the use of children
as labourers left most black and coloured youths marginalized.
o Due to the conditions that the youth were exposed to during
apartheid, it wasn’t uncommon for these “lost youth” to be involved
in crime and violence.
The absence of proper child justice legislation resulted in high
numbers of children being subjected to oppressive practices
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