Social Psychology II - volledige samenvatting (7H) - 2023.24
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Social psychology II: Relations
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Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
Samenvatting van Social Psychology II, vak van de tweede bachelor van psychologie. Samenvatting gebaseerd op de powerpoints en op alles wat in de les gezegd wordt. Indien nodig werd er ook extra uitleg opgezocht op het internet. 95 pagina's met alle informatie dat je nodig hebt!
,Inhoud
1. Evolutionary psychology ................................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Altruism and natural selection: An evolutionary perspective on human nature .................. 6
1.1.1 Natural selection and behavior ......................................................................................... 6
1.1.2 Altruistic behavior ............................................................................................................. 6
1.1.3 Inclusive fitness and kinship .............................................................................................. 7
1.1.4 Reciprocal altruism (Trivers, 1971) .................................................................................... 8
1.2 Sexual selection and sex differences in behavior: An evolutionary perspective on sex
differences........................................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.1 Sexual selection and parental investment......................................................................... 9
1.2.2 Mating preferences ......................................................................................................... 10
1.2.3 Young men: risk, violence and honor .............................................................................. 11
1.2.4 Cuckoldry and jealousy .................................................................................................... 12
2. Social interaction........................................................................................................................... 13
2.1 How does a collective work ................................................................................................. 13
2.1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 13
2.1.2 Mixed motives ................................................................................................................. 14
2.1.3 Structure of interdependence ......................................................................................... 16
2.2 Beyond direct self-interest: transformation of situations ................................................... 16
2.2.1 Transformation ................................................................................................................ 16
2.2.2 Sources of transformation ............................................................................................... 17
3. Aggression ..................................................................................................................................... 22
3.1 Theories of aggression ......................................................................................................... 22
3.1.1 Biological approaches...................................................................................................... 23
3.1.2 Psychological approaches................................................................................................ 23
3.2 Personal and situational variables ....................................................................................... 26
3.2.1 Individual differences ...................................................................................................... 26
3.2.2 Situational influences ...................................................................................................... 28
3.3 Aggression as a social problem............................................................................................ 30
3.3.1 Intimate partner violence................................................................................................ 30
3.3.2 Sexual aggression ............................................................................................................ 31
3.3.3 Bullying in school and workplace .................................................................................... 31
3.4 Prevention and intervention ................................................................................................ 32
3.4.1 Catharsis .......................................................................................................................... 32
3.4.2 Punishment ..................................................................................................................... 32
3.4.3 Inducing incompatible responses.................................................................................... 33
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, 3.5 Psychopathy ......................................................................................................................... 33
3.5.1 What is psychopathy ?..................................................................................................... 33
3.5.2 Theories of origin ............................................................................................................ 35
3.5.3 Psychopathy and leadership ............................................................................................ 35
4. Prosocial behavior ......................................................................................................................... 36
4.1 Helping and altruism ........................................................................................................... 36
4.1.1 Altruism vs. egoism .............................................................................................................. 36
4.2 Why we don’t help .............................................................................................................. 37
4.2.1 Bystander effect .............................................................................................................. 37
4.2.2 Other contextual variables .............................................................................................. 39
4.3 Why we do help ................................................................................................................... 39
4.3.1 Cost and benefits of helping............................................................................................ 39
4.3.2 Groups and identity ......................................................................................................... 40
4.3.3 Social identity and bystander effect ................................................................................ 41
4.3.4 Mood ............................................................................................................................... 41
4.4 Issues in researching prosocial behavior ............................................................................. 43
4.4.1 Violence and helping ....................................................................................................... 43
4.4.2 Sex and helping ............................................................................................................... 44
4.4.3 Long-term helping ........................................................................................................... 44
4.5 Evolution and Neurosciences .............................................................................................. 46
4.5.1 Evolution, genes and helping .......................................................................................... 46
4.5.2 Neuroscience ................................................................................................................... 47
5. Social influence ............................................................................................................................. 49
5.1 Automatic social influence .................................................................................................. 49
5.2 Conformity ........................................................................................................................... 50
5.2.1The classic studies: majority influence ..................................................................................... 50
5.2.2 Why do people conform?......................................................................................................... 52
5.2.3 Majority influence: Influencing factors .................................................................................... 53
5.2.4 Minority influence.................................................................................................................... 55
5.2.5 Differential or unimodal process models ................................................................................. 55
5.3 Compliance .......................................................................................................................... 56
5.3.1 Giving reasons ...................................................................................................................... 56
5.3.2 'Imagine' .......................................................................................................................... 56
5.3.3 The reciprocity norm ....................................................................................................... 56
5.3.4 Two-step compliance techniques .................................................................................... 57
5.3.5 Assertiveness........................................................................................................................ 59
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, 5.4 Obedience............................................................................................................................ 59
5.4.1 Milgram's research: key points of destructive obedience ................................................... 59
5.4.2 Milgram in the 21st century ............................................................................................ 62
5.4.3 Resistance........................................................................................................................ 63
6. Attraction and close relationships ................................................................................................. 64
6.1 Importance of relationships ................................................................................................ 64
6.1.1 Psychological and physical wellbeing .............................................................................. 64
6.1.2 Social support .................................................................................................................. 65
6.1.3 Social exclusion................................................................................................................ 66
6.1.4 Need to belong ................................................................................................................ 67
6.1.5 Attachment ...................................................................................................................... 67
6.2 interpersonal attraction ....................................................................................................... 69
6.2.1 What is beautiful is good................................................................................................. 69
6.2.2 Physical attraction ........................................................................................................... 70
6.2.3 Psychological attraction ................................................................................................... 71
6.2.4 Power of the situation ..................................................................................................... 72
6.3 romantic relationships ......................................................................................................... 73
6.3.1 Love ................................................................................................................................. 73
6.3.2 Satisfaction and stability.................................................................................................. 74
6.3.3 Enhancing relationship functioning................................................................................. 76
6.4 general relationship processes ............................................................................................ 77
6.4.1 Types of relationships...................................................................................................... 77
6.4.2 Disclosure & Responsiveness .......................................................................................... 78
6.4.3 Relationship ending ......................................................................................................... 79
6.4.4 Growing old together ...................................................................................................... 79
7. Emotions ....................................................................................................................................... 81
7.1 What is an emotion? ....................................................................................................................... 81
7.1.1 Pre-cognitive theories .............................................................................................................. 81
7.1.2 Social - psychological construct ............................................................................................... 81
7.2 Why do we have emotions? ............................................................................................................ 83
7.2.1 Evolutionary origin ............................................................................................................... 83
7.2.2 Social signaling system ......................................................................................................... 83
7.2.3 Flexibility in behavior ........................................................................................................... 84
7.2.4 Implicit information processing ........................................................................................... 84
7.2.5 Regulation and control ......................................................................................................... 84
7.3 How are emotions elicited and differentiated? .............................................................................. 85
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