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Essential Cell Biology Chapter 1,2,4,5,7&8 (Alberts)
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Essential Cell Biology Chapter 1,2,4,5,7&8 (Alberts)1.One of the two divisions of prokaryote, often found in hostile environments such as
hot springs or concentrated brine.: archaea
2.Commonly used name for any prokaryotic organism, but more precisely refers to
the eubacteria, the "true bacteria," one of the three major domains of life. Most are
single-celled organisms. Some species of bacteria cause disease.: bacteria
3.The basic unit from which living organisms are made, consisting of an aqueous
solution of organic molecules enclosed by a membrane. All cells arise from
existing cells, usually by a process of division.: cell
4.Specialized organelle in algae and plants that contains chlorophyll and in which
photosynthesis takes place.: chloroplast
5.Long threadlike structure composed of DNA and associated proteins that carries
the genetic information of an organism. Especially visible when plant and animal
cells undergo mitosis and meiosis.: chromosome
6.Contents of a cell that are contained within its plasma membrane but, in the case
of eukaryotic cells, outside the nucleus.: cytoplasm
7.System of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell
shape and the capacity for directed movement. Its most abundant components are
actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.: - cytoskeleton
8.Contents of the main compartment of the cytoplasm, excluding mem- brane-
enclosed organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The cell
fraction remaining after membranes, cytoskeletal components, and other organelles
have been removed.: cytosol
9.Double-stranded polynucleotide formed when two separate chains of cova- lently
linked deoxyribonucleotide units. It serves as the cell's store of genetic information
, Essential Cell Biology Chapter 1,2,4,5,7&8 (Alberts)
that is transmitted from generation to generation.: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
10.Living organism composed of one or more cells with a distinct nucleus and
cytoplasm. Includes all forms of life except archaea and bacteria (the prokaryotes)
and viruses.: eucaryote
11.The gradual change in living organisms taking place over generations that result
in new species being formed.: evolution
12.The total genetic information carried by a cell or an organism (or the DNA
molecules that carry this information).: genome
13.Describes organs or molecules that are similar because of their common
evolutionary origin. Specifically it describes similarities between protein se- quences
or nucleic acid sequences.: homologous
, Essential Cell Biology Chapter 1,2,4,5,7&8 (Alberts)
14.Unit of measurement often applied to cells and organelles. Equal to 10^-6 meter.:
micrometer
(¼m)
15.Instrument for viewing extremely small objects. Light microscope utilizes a
focused beam of visible light and is used to examine cells and organelles. An electron
microscope utilizes a beam of electrons and can be used to examine objects as small
as individual molecules.: microscope
16.Membrane-enclosed organelle, about the size of a bacterium, that carries out
oxidative phosphorylation and produces most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells.:
mitochondrion
17.An organism selected for intensive study as a representative of a large group of
species. Examples are the mouse (representing mammals), the yeast (representing a
unicellular eucaryote), and Escherichia coli (representing bac- teria).: model organism
18.Unit of length commonly used to measure molecules and cell organelles.
Equal to 10^-9 meters.: nanometer (nm)
19.The major organelle of a eukaryotic cell, which contains DNA organized into
chromosomes. Also, when referring to an atom, the central mass built from
neutrons and protons.: nucleus
20.A discrete structure or subcompartment of a eukaryotic cell (especially one that
is visible in the light microscope) that is specialized to carry out a particular function.
Examples include mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus.-
: organelle
21.Major category of living cells distinguished by the absence of a nucleus.
Procaryotes comprise the archaea and the eubacteria (commonly called bac- teria),
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