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week 5 NR 546 Questions with correct answers
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week 5 NR 546 Questions with correctanswers
Unipolar Depression
Mood disorders manifest across a spectrum from mania to major depressive
disorder (MDD).
prevalence highest (13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25 (MDD)
Common symptoms of MDD
depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities, irritability,
withdrawal, and problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, or self-worth.
Clients with severe depression may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic
symptoms.
Bipolar Disorders
a chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood, energy, and
ability to function. The World Mental Health Survey Initiative reported total lifetime
prevalence estimates of 2.4%
Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed mood or
psychotic features.
diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or hypomania with a
history of one or more major depressive episodes.
high risk for suicide
Bipolar Type I: Diagnosis
requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week (or any duration if
hospitalization due to symptoms is required).
Mania is characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood.
,symptoms of bipolar type I
Related symptoms may include inflated self-esteem, increased goal-directed
activity or energy, including grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, excessive
talkativeness, racing thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI), distractibility, psychomotor
agitation, and a propensity to be involved in high-risk activities. Mania leads to
significant functional impairment and may include psychotic features or
necessitate hospitalization
Bipolar Type II Disorder
Diagnosis
requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a current or past major
depressive episode.
Symptoms last for at least 4 days but fewer than seven.
Anger and irritability are common. Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and
are reluctant to report these symptoms, making bipolar more difficult to diagnose
if the client presents in the depression phase.
Cyclothymia:
involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that
do not meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive or manic/hypomanic
episode.
Key point
Bipolar I depression may be misdiagnosed as major depressive disorder (MDD)
essential to rule out past episodes of hypomania or mania
Clients are reluctant to report mania or hypomania symptoms
If bipolar depression is mistaken for MDD, antidepressant therapy may
precipitate a manic episode or induce rapid-cycling bipolar depression, which
may contribute to the increased incidence of death by suicide in children and
adults younger than 25.
Antidepressants are used cautiously in clients with bipolar disorder and never as
monotherapy. Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to
prevent the onset of a hypomanic or manic episode.
, Decreased positive affect: DA,NE Dysfunction
Symptoms
depressed mood
loss of joy
lack of interest
loss of energy
decreased alertness
decreased self-confidence
appetite changes
Increased negative affect: 5HT, NE Dysfunction
Symptoms
depressed mood
guilt
fear/anxiety
hostility
irritability
loneliness
appetite changes
Genetics of MDD and BPD
Gene and genome-wide association studies have identified candidate genes for
contributing to both MDD and BPD; however, the causes of mood disorders are
complex and likely involve interactions between genetic/epigenetic, biological,
psychological, and social factors including:
dysfunctions in brain
imbalance of neurotransmitters
life events
abuse or trauma
substance use or medication
menstruation
season changes
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