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Motivation and Emotion summary of all literature
- Instelling
- Maastricht University (UM)
Summary of all the literature of the course Motivation & Emotion from the literature of the bachelor Psychology at Maastricht University.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 130 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 130 pagina's
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Motivation and Emotion all literature 2024Task 1. Concepts of emotion & motivation
A)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's theory proposes that human needs are organized in a hierarchy, typically
represented as a pyramid. From the bottom (most fundamental) to the top (most
advanced), these needs are:
1. Physiological Needs: These are the basic physical requirements for human survival,
such as air, water, food, shelter, and sleep. According to Maslow, these needs are the
primary drivers of behavior until they are satisfied.
2. Safety Needs: Once physiological needs are met, individuals seek safety and security.
Safety needs include personal security, financial security, health and well-being, and
safety against accidents/illness and their adverse impacts.
3. Love and Belonging Needs: After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, social
needs become important. These involve emotional relationships like friendships, romantic
attachments, and family. Humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance
among their social groups.
4. Esteem Needs: The next layer consists of esteem needs, which include self-esteem and
the esteem a person gets from others. Humans need to feel respected; this includes the
need for self-esteem and for recognition from others.
5. Self-Actualization Needs: At the highest level of the pyramid, self-actualization refers
to the realization of an individual's potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and
peak experiences. Maslow described this as the desire to become everything one is
capable of becoming.
Mutual Relation and Hierarchical Structure
In Maslow’s model, each level of needs must be at least partially satisfied before the next
level becomes relevant for an individual. The needs are mutually related in that the
fulfillment of one level creates a foundation on which to build the next level. For example,
only when a person has adequate food and shelter (physiological needs) can they focus on
their safety. Once safe, they can seek relationships (love and belonging), and once these
social needs are met, they can focus on achieving self-respect and recognition (esteem),
which finally allows them to pursue self-actualization.
,Validity in Modern Context
The study by Taormina and colleagues in 2013 sought to examine the validity of Maslow’s
theory in a modern context. The findings generally supported the existence of a hierarchy
as proposed by Maslow but suggested that there is more overlap between the needs than
Maslow's strict hierarchy implies. This means while Maslow’s theory holds broadly, the
lines between different levels of needs are not always clear-cut, and individuals might work
on different levels simultaneously rather than sequentially. This overlap can be influenced
by individual differences, cultural backgrounds, and changes in societal values and norms.
In essence, Maslow's theory remains a valuable framework for understanding human
motivation, even though its rigid hierarchical structure may adapt to a more fluid
understanding in light of contemporary research.
Key Findings of Taormina and Colleagues (2013)
The study by Taormina and colleagues in 2013 was designed to reevaluate Maslow's
Hierarchy of Needs within a modern context. Their research aimed to assess the validity
and reliability of Maslow’s model, particularly focusing on whether the hierarchy structure
Maslow proposed was observable and measurable in contemporary settings. The study
used a specific survey instrument to gauge the satisfaction of needs at different levels, as
proposed by Maslow, among a sample population.
1. Hierarchical Structure:
Support for Hierarchy: The results provided evidence supporting a hierarchical structure of
needs, similar to what Maslow proposed. Respondents generally reported higher
satisfaction levels in lower-level needs (like physiological and safety needs) before
expressing satisfaction in higher-level needs (such as self-actualization).
Overlap of Needs: However, the study also found significant overlap among the needs
categories. This suggests that while the needs can be hierarchically arranged, individuals
might be working on multiple levels simultaneously rather than strictly following a linear
progression.
2. Correlations Among Needs:
The data showed strong correlations among different levels of needs. This indicates that
satisfaction in one level of need correlates positively with satisfaction in other levels,
supporting the idea that fulfillment of lower-level needs supports the fulfillment of higher-
level needs, but also suggesting interdependence rather than strict dependence.
3. Reliability and Validity:
,The survey instrument used was found to be both reliable and valid for measuring the
satisfaction of Maslow’s proposed needs. This means that the study was able to
consistently measure what it intended to measure across different instances, providing a
strong methodological basis for the findings.
Implications of the Findings
These findings imply that while Maslow's hierarchical model holds to a certain extent, the
human experience of need fulfillment is more complex and interconnected than a simple
linear progression. People might experience and fulfill their needs in a more dynamic and
overlapping manner than Maslow originally postulated. This could be influenced by various
factors including individual differences, cultural backgrounds, and life circumstances,
which can alter the priority or the salience of certain needs over others.
The study by Taormina and colleagues is significant because it updates Maslow's theory for
a modern audience, showing that while the basic framework is still applicable, the
nuances of how needs are met and interact could be more sophisticated than the original
hierarchy suggests. This approach provides a more flexible and realistic representation of
human motivation and needs satisfaction.
How correlation works in the hierarchy
The findings from Taormina and colleagues (2013) and similar studies often suggest that
there is indeed a higher correlation between adjacent levels in Maslow's hierarchy than
between non-adjacent levels. This pattern supports the idea that needs are somewhat
sequential and that satisfying a particular need often directly influences the ability or
desire to satisfy the next need in the hierarchy.
Maslow’s theory proposes that each level of need must be at least partially satisfied before
a person can focus effectively on the next higher level. This suggests a closer connection
and interaction between consecutive levels:
• Physiological to Safety Needs: Once basic physiological needs (food, water, shelter)
are met, individuals are more capable of seeking safety, which includes personal
security, financial stability, and health.
• Safety to Love and Belonging: A secure environment allows individuals to pursue
social needs, such as building relationships and feeling a sense of community and
belonging.
• Love and Belonging to Esteem: When people feel supported and accepted by their
peers, they are better positioned to develop self-esteem and seek the esteem of
others.
, • Esteem to Self-Actualization: Fulfillment in the esteem stage enables individuals to
pursue self-actualization, focusing on personal growth and reaching their full
potential.
Empirical Support
The closer correlation between immediately adjacent steps can be explained by the fact
that the satisfaction of one level creates a foundation that directly supports the initiation of
the next. For instance, it's challenging to focus on social relationships effectively if one is
constantly worried about personal safety or basic survival needs.
The correlations between non-adjacent levels (e.g., physiological needs and
belongingness) are typically weaker because the direct impact of fulfilling one on the
ability to satisfy the other is less immediate and more mediated by other factors. While
fulfilling physiological needs is fundamental for survival, its direct influence on forming
relationships is not as immediate as the influence of safety or earlier social interactions.
B)
Understanding Cognitive-Attribution Theories of Emotion
and Motivation
Cognitive-attribution theories focus on how individuals' interpretations and attributions
about causes of events affect their emotions and motivation. This approach differs from
the traditional pain/reward models by emphasizing how people's beliefs about the reasons
for success or failure influence their emotional responses and future motivations. Let's
explore this concept further, focusing on the works of Bernard Weiner and Nico Frijda.
Key Concepts and Theorists
Bernard Weiner: Weiner's theory of attribution in emotion and motivation is particularly
influential in educational psychology and the theory of achievement motivation. According
to Weiner, people attribute their successes and failures to factors that are internal or
external, stable or unstable, and controllable or uncontrollable. These attributions then
influence their emotions and motivations. For example:
Internal Attribution: Success due to ability can boost self-esteem, whereas failure due to
lack of effort might lead to shame or an increase in effort.
External Attribution: Success due to luck might not increase self-esteem, and failure due
to task difficulty might lead to frustration or a decreased likelihood of trying again.
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