Samenvatting
Summary - Political Communication & Journalism
These notes include a complete summary of all the articles, all the lectures and textbooks but also include really important remarks for SOS notes in order to pass the exams.
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POLITICAL COMMUNICATIONQUESTIONS WEEK 1
1) Which are the four phases of mediatization as Strömbäck describes them? (Lecture)
1. Mediation -> when the media become the main communication channel; between
politics and the public- they mediate t he communication -> combination of more
democratic and big societies
2. Media become more independent and professional-> now we need to think if its
relevant to tell our audience - professional media organization that thinks
3.
4. Independent media -> they don't have to follow the political logic they have their
own - media logic
5. Politics adopt the media alogic- politics are done guided by the media logic - doing
sth because it looks good on tv -> makes it difficult to assess
2) What were the two most striking results from the Baltimore “news ecosystem” study by
Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism (as cited in Bennett’s introduction)? Why was
this a worrying result?
1. 95 PERCENT of the stories containing original info came from newspapers-
traditional media
2. Baltimore sun reported 32 percent fewer stories between 1999 and 2009 and 73
percent fewer than in 1991
all the other online sources are just coping what the traditional sources are doing ->
threatened functions: information, platform, less watchdog function
3) Name five ways in which a government can support journalism in order to increase
pluralism (Plessing). Which one(s) do you think work best, and argue why?
- tax alleviation
- support for distribution to more structural support for innovation in the news
industries and the production of content
- subsidies for the distribution of news papers and the reduction of postal tariffs
in SCANDINAVIA
- Uphold media diversity by states-> strengthening weaker papers or market
entrants -> no sustainability proven
● HOWEVER in south africa the large media houses are the only ones to operate
printing press
● Support for regional grassroots advertising agencies to ensure local papers have
better access
, ● Development for co-operation across media platforms and the support of
regional hubs
● Support for co-operation schemes for printing
VARIOUS WAYS
● subsidies (with the aim of sustainability)
● setting up corporations with bigger companies
● regional hubs
● facilities for journalists
● training for journalists
+ reinforcing public media companies
ARTICLES WEEK 1
ARTICLE 1-> BY BENNET (2016)
News in a Changing Information System /
Serious news that continue to circulate through the digital space -> produced by legacy
news organizations that are having trouble generating revenues as advertising money
follows prime younger demographics online
- The Abiding Paradox Of Newsmaking: News pretend to be fresh, novel and
unexpected btu is actually remarkably patterned across news outlets and over
time
- Indexing: the tendency of mainstream news organizations to index or adjust the
range of viewpoints in a story to the dominant positions of those whom
journalists perceive t have enough power to affect the outcome of a situation ->
a RESULT of the commitment of the mainstream to cling to a norm of balance,
fairness or objectivity
Opinion polls-> bring citizens into the news frame
DEFINITION OF NEWS
News consists of
1. reporting the actions and events
2. … over a growing variety of publicly accessible media
3. … by journalism organizations and an expanding spectrum of other content
producers, including ordinary citizens
ARTICLE 2: ZOLLMAN
, ● The news media constitute a central channel for the dissemination of
information in liberal democracies.
Sometimes journalists unintentionally produce and spread propaganda
as they are part of something bigger and adhere to institutional constraints because of
their socialization in the newsroom as well as in dominant values, norms and ideologies
MARGINALISATION OF PROPAGANDA
-> was instituted in order to govern people through the management of perception and
behavior
● The most popular propaganda approach -> Herman and Chomsky Propaganda
Model which describes a set of five news ‘filters’ that guide news selection
processes and lead to propagandistic output
-> it emphasizes how ownership, corporate control and advertising funding as
well as market forces shape the respective behavior of journalists and external
institutions that provide info to or put pressure on the news media
- Consequence:the PM proposes that news media content is generally aligned
with state-corporate elite interests at various space contexts
BUSSEMER-> Propaganda is normally media mediated forming of action relevant
opinions and attitudes of political or social groups through symbolic
communication and as manufacturing of public in support of particular interests
- propaganda as primary agency of integration of the society
- opinion does not need to change in order for action to be influenced
DIMENSIONS OF PROPAGANDA
1. 1ST: Integrating news media propaganda and ideology
Bussemer’s linked - propaganda as a purveyor of ideology
propaganda can covey ideology if meanings of a set of people are overrepresented
● interest linked -> the news tends to highlight certain perspectives so legitimizing
the actions of state-corporate actors and the contemporary system via omission
● omission of criticism - glittering generalities
● Integrating propaganda can enhance the ability to act
2. 2ND: Technological news media propaganda and ‘truth’
- tactical criticism during periods of elite conflict
● application of professional norms and conventions
● Another indicator -> coverage that incites political or military action
, - Propaganda is assumed to be more effective when it is grounded in verifiable
facts and occurrences
3. 3RD: Demonizing news media propaganda and outrage
Lasswell: ‘to mobilize hatred against the enemy’
- aimed at representing an oppositional country ‘as a menacing, murderous
aggressor
- presents the enemy in contrast to the noble aims of the home state and like
other devices it aims at enforcing the goals of the propagandist
- Indicators: negative association, atrocity actions
ARTICLE 3: PLESSING
- About white domination in the media an non diverse media in south africa
● in 2014 the news industry removed its voluntary contribution and the
department of communications is considering moving to the MDDA into the
department to avoid duplicating support for the community broadcasting sector
● stick approach= shift from state having a policing role of the media to the
possibilities of government actively promoting media diversity
WHY STATES NEED TO INTERVENE IN MEDIA SYSTEMS
1. Due to rapidly transforming media markets and the decline of print media, both
external pluralism, as in a plurality of print media and the internal pluralism, as
in a multiplicity of viewpoints within a publication are threatened .
- CHALLENGE-> selling news and info is not profitable
2. Media diversity is not only about only about a pluralistic media landscape
- media concentration does not necessarily decrease the diversity of
available viewpoints in the media
● Latin American countries have no history of state regulation of the media
REAL FREEDOM AND STATE CONTROL
Analysis by Hallin and Mancini 3 MODELS OF MEDIA DEVELOPMENT
1. Liberal Model-> dominance of market orientation and a high degree of
journalistic professionalism
2. Polarist Pluralist Model-> high degree of politicization and unequal consumption
of public info
3. Democratic Corporatist -> political parallelism and high degree of state
intervention to promote the free flow of info and a culture of heavy consumption
of public info
MDDA -> Media Development and Diversity Agency is SOUTH AFRICA
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