Lectures academic English provide information about how to write an academic paper. A summary and examples of the important chapters of the paper ''English for Writing Reseach Papers'' are added to the document.
Academic word list: https://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/resources/academicwordlist
Lextutor: https://www.lextutor.ca/vp/eng/
Terms for academic language:
https://pearsonpte.com/wpcontent/uploads/2018/05/AcademicCollocationList_201
8.pdf
Grammar: https://www.grammarly.com/ & https://afterthedeadline.com/
For propositions: Google Ngram Viewer
Chapter 3
Make a sentence understandable.
- Need to be read once.
- Don’t have to read slowly because of the concentration.
- Can process word by word and thus understand the build-up of the
author’s logic immediately, rather than only being able to reach their
interpretation of the whole meaning at the end of the sentence.
You should be able to read in one breathe.
And
And is used in two different ways:
(1) to join two verbs (speak and write) and two nouns (English and Italian)
(2) to add additional information (and that this is true .. and to this end) This
one makes the sentence too long. Instead of this you start a new sentence with
‘They were then’
Replace and with…
As well as: but you can’t start a sentence with this.
Introduce additional information:
Moreover: start a new sentence with this.
In addition.
Furthermore.
Compare and contrast:
Whereas: compare two findings in a long sentence. But you can’t start a
new sentence with this.
On the other hand: compare two findings in a long sentence. You can
start a new sentence with this.
Although: Although can only be used in a two-part sentence, where one part
depends on the other.
However.
Link words to give explanations in the middle of a sentence: If you split the
sentence, you cannot begin immediately with the same link word.
Because.
Since: Often used in the beginning. Require a dependent clause.
Although: Often used in the beginning. Require a dependent clause.
As.
In fact
Express consequences (used for explain reasons for something):
Owing to
Due to
As a result of
Consequently
Thus
,Relative clauses
Which: Used to add information.
Link phrases together
-ing vorm.
Explain the rationale for adopting a particular procedure or line of research: But,
most of the time it is better to say first what you did and then why you did it.
More than 15 words, you need to split the sentence.
In order to
With
The purpose of
With the aim to
In an attempt to
Sum up
Commas: Only use this to list/sum up words. Using more words is mostly
better than a comma. Tip divides up the information into paragraphs - the
first explains the rationale, the second shows how the investigation was
carried out. This makes the connection between ideas much clearer.
Listing
Semicolons ( ; ): You can use is to sum up, but don’t. Use it to list words.
But don’t make it too long.
Phrases in parentheses: To use a short list (e.g. Google Translate,
Babelfish, and Systran) in the middle of a sentence.
To increase readability:
1. don’t separate the subject from its verb using more than 8–10 words.
2. avoid adding extra information to the end of the main clause, if the main
clause is already about 15–20 words long.
3. check to make sure that a sentence has a maximum of 30 words, and
don’t use more than three or four 30-word sentences in the whole paper.
4. consider beginning a new sentence if the original sentence is long and
contains one or more of the following (or equivalents): and, which, a link
word, the –ing form, in order to
5. maximize the use of periods (.). Use the minimum number of commas (,),
avoid semicolons (;) and parentheses.
6. don’t worry about repeating key words. If dividing up a long sentence into
shorter sentences means that you have to repeat key words, this is not a
problem. In fact this repetition will increase the clarity of your writing.
Note: using and, which and the -ing form often leads to ambiguity.
Chapter 4
Depends on the role that you expect the reader to play and the effort you expect
them to make Write in that wat that minimal effort is required.
Whenever you want to highlight the importance of your study or findings, begin a
new paragraph
How to structure a paragraph: an example
1. A topic sentence that tells the reader what the paragraph is about and in some
way connects with the previous paragraph.
2. From one to eight sentences in a logical sequence that develop the topic.
3. A concluding sentence, possibly referring back to the first sentence or forward
to the next paragraph.
In a paper try to write in the passive to make sure you not mentioning the writer
(ex. it may be argued that).
, Start a new section of a paper with a one or two-sentence summary of the main
aims and/or findings of the paper. Because some people won’t read everything.
Examples:
- The X Committee has for some years encouraged collaborative clinical trials in
X by reporting the results in the medical literature. In this section we describe
the first of two unreported results that we believe deserve such publication
and which constitute the main contribution of this paper.
- As mentioned in the Introduction, a principal concern in the field of X is to
understand why ...This section attempts to answer the question ...
- Our aim is to provide a simple alternative to the complex theoretical models
that attempt to explain ... In this section we present a simplified model, which
we believe is ...
The advantage of shorter paragraphs:
- Make is more appealing for readers.
- your points and the related logical sequence of these points will be much
more clearly identifiable for the reader
- You will write more clearly because you want the main point.
- You can quickly identify if you need more information.
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