Dit document bevat uitgebreide aantekeningen van de hoorcolleges (week 1 t/m 8) + de voorbereidingsvragen voor het tentamen van het vak Criminological Research for Social Science Students. De aantekeningen zijn volledig in het Engels en bieden een grondige uitleg van verschillende concepten, onderz...
Index:
Week 1:....................................................................................2
Lecture 1: Introduction to Criminological Research..........................................2
Week 2:....................................................................................6
Lecture 2: Open Interview..................................................................................6
Week 3:....................................................................................9
Lecture 3: Participant Observation.....................................................................9
Notes from Seminar 3:.....................................................................................13
Week 4:..................................................................................13
Lecture 4: Quantitative Research Methods in Criminology.............................13
Van de Veer, E. (2012):....................................................................................17
Week 5:..................................................................................17
Lecture 5: Online Methods...............................................................................17
Lecture 6: Discourse Analysis and Visual Methods........................................21
Week 7:..................................................................................25
Lecture 7: Qualitative Data Analysis...............................................................25
Week 8:..................................................................................28
Lecture 8: Ethnographic Research with Drug Users........................................28
Exam Preparation:............................................................................................30
1
,Week 1:
Lecture 1: Introduction to Criminological Research
Criminological research:
Interdisciplinary science
Different explanatory models:
o Psychology: why do people do what they do?
o Sociology: how does society react to crime?
o Economy: what can statistics tell us about crime?
Analysis level:
o Micro level, such as psychological and biological factors.
o Meso level, such as group dynamics and subcultures.
o Macro level, such as political system and cultural values.
Empirical research:
o Direct and indirect observations or experiences
Quantitative research versus qualitative research:
Quantitative research has to do with measuring the size of the nature of a
phenomenon, testing theories and hypotheses, and generalization.
o Describes how it happens.
o Quantitative is dominant. It provides broad data.
o N = large.
o Generalization of the findings.
o Examples of quantitative research:
Survey research, such as large-scale questionnaires.
Secondary analysis, using existing data.
Experimental laboratory research.
Longitudinal study.
Meta-analysis.
Qualitative research seeks to understand the deeper meanings and reasons behind
phenomena. It has to do with exploratory research, in-depth interviews, observations,
and media research.
o Explains why it happens.
o Provides in-depth data.
o N = small.
o Content-related.
o Examples of qualitative research:
In-depth interviews.
Focus groups.
Observational studies.
Ethnography.
A combination of both methods strengthens the quality of the research.
2
,Types of quantitative research:
Descriptive research: aims to describe the phenomena. Scope.
Correlational research: compares phenomena or crime Development and/or
coherence.
Experimental research: involves causal relationships and crime Testing.
Collecting quantitative data about crime:
Existing data at the police and judicial authorities:
o Illegal activity.
o Police reports.
o Criminal cases.
Non-judicial data, such as statistics:
o Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS).
o Crime and law enforcement (WODC & CBS).
o United Nations (UNSTATS & UNODC).
Victim or offender surveys:
o Safety monitor.
o CBS.
o Police monitor.
Self-report surveys:
o WODC.
Dark number:
The dark number is the portion of illegal activities that go unreported by authorities.
There is a gap between the actual occurrence of a crime and the number of crimes
officially reported.
Only a fraction of illegal activities are registered, because of underreporting by
victims, unobserved criminal activities, and inadequate data collection methods.
A large amount of data is missing.
Alternatives:
o Combining different sources (self-report, offender surveys, victim surveys).
o Combining research methods (quantitative/qualitative).
Non-response:
Non-response occurs when individuals selected for a study do not provide data
despite being approached by researchers.
There is a high non-response in criminological research.
People refuse to answer a question because of a fear of repercussions, concerns about
confidentiality, or distrust of researchers and authorities.
The same applies to participation in research.
3
, The empirical cycle:
1) Observation:
An idea arises from observation.
Something to explore.
Literature study to determine what is known.
2) Induction:
Formulate an abstract research question.
Guiding cause and measurable effect.
From specific to a generalization or theory.
Propositions and concepts.
3) Deduction:
Specify general theory.
Develop a workable hypothesis.
From the generalization or theory to the particular.
Operationalize.
4) Testing:
Conducting a research.
Collect the data.
Analyzing and testing.
5) Evaluation:
Confirm or reject the hypothesis or theory.
Sufficient evidence?
The theory can be...:
o Adjusted
o Expanded
o Improved
Population and sample:
Population is the collection of all research units, such as all the UU students.
Sample is a subset of the population.
o Data is collected from all the research units, this group represents the
population.
o The sample size is represented by the letter N.
Selective sampling versus random sampling:
Random sampling:
o Each member of the subset has an equal probability of being chosen.
Selective sampling:
o Participants are deliberately selected based on specific criteria that are of
interest to the researcher.
4
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