Pakistan Studies 2059/1 Sec-1 ‘The Historical & Cultural
Background to the Pakistan Movement’
Sec - 1: The Historical & Cultural
Background to thePakistan Movement
(17th, 18th and 19th Centuries)
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Religious Thinkers: Shah Wali Ullah, Syed Ahmed
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Pakistan Studies 2059/1 Sec-1 ‘The Historical & Cultural Background to the Pakistan Movement ’ Sec - 1: The Historical & Cultural Background to the Pakistan Movement (17th, 18th and 19th Centuries) Seri
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e # 1 Religious Thinkers: Shah Wali Ullah, Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi & Haji Shariat Ullah. Key Question 1: How successful were the religious thinkers in spreading Islam in the sub -continent during the 18th and 19th centuries? 1 - 8 2 Reasons behind the Decline of Mughal Empire. Key Question 2: What were the causes and consequences of the decline of the Mughal Empire? 9 - 12 3 British East india Company • The East India Company’s involvement in the sub -continent • British relations with the later Mughal rulers of Delhi. British expansion from the 1750s to the 1850s in the subcontinent. 13 - 18 4 The War of independence 1857 – 1858 Key Question 3: What were the causes and consequences of the War of Independence 1857 –58? 19 - 23 5 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Key Question 4: How important was the work of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to the development of the Pakistan Movement during the 19th century? 24 - 28 6 Urdu as the National Language of Pakistan. Regional Languages of Pakistan: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Baluchi. 29 - 32 7 Compulsory and Practice questions 33 - 40 T h e P a k o g r a p h y b y S i r T a r i q A l i H a s s a n ( 0 3 0 3 1 3 - 9 2 5 7 1 9 5 ) P a g e - 1 - | 43 PST 2059/01: The Paper Format Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan 2059/01, 1 hour 30 minutes, weighting = 50% Section A (25 marks) – candidates answer one compulsory question made up of four parts: (a), (b), (c), and (d), which are linked by a common theme. Parts (a) and (b) are source -based questions using historical sources, either text or pictures/graphic. Candidates use and interpret each source in answering the questions. Section B (50 marks) – candidates answer two questions from a choice of four. Each question has three parts: • One part testing knowledge (4 marks): A factual answer of no more than one short paragraph is required. • One part testing knowledge and understanding includes selecting relevant & appropriate information (7 marks) Answers require at least two paragraphs of writing. • One part testing knowledge, understanding and analytical and evaluative ability (14 marks) This includes the ability to synthesis’ information, the appropriate use of selected relevant examples and the ability to compare and contrast. This question should be answered in an essay, in continuous prose of approximately two pages of writing, not in note form. SHAH WALIULLAH (SWU) (1703 -62) (Power of Pen) Birth & Education: Qutub -ud-Din popularly known as Shah Wali Ullah was born in Delhi in 1703. He belonged to a respected family. His father Shah Abdul Rahim founded Madrassa Rahimaya and also helped to compiled Fatawa -i-Alamgiri a book of Islamic legal text under the direct supervision of Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir. Shah Wali Ullah received his education from Madrassa Rahimaya and also taught there for twelve years. In 1724 he went to Arabia, he was greatly influenced by the teaching of Abu Tahir bin Ibrahim a well -known schol ar of his time. He returned to Delhi in 1732. Political & Social Conditions Of India during Shah Waliullah’s Time: The social & political condition of India during Shah WaliUllah’s time was extremely bad. There was political instability & insecurity of life, property & honor were not secure as there were a number of disruptive forces at work in the Muslim society. Disintegration of the Mughal Empire had set in & the Muslims were spilt up among themselves. Taking advantage of t his situation of the division of the Indian Muslims the neighboring non - Muslim communities like the Marathas, Jats& Sikhs were now threatening to overwhelm Delhi & finish the once mighty Mughal Empire. Social Conditions: As far as the social condition of the Indian Muslims was concerned, they were divided among different religious groups & there was a constant trouble between the Shia & Sunni sects, which was a serious threat to Muslim society. More over after the death of Aurangzeb the Mughal Empire began to crack and crumble because of the incapable successors. In 1739 Nadir Shah attacked Delhi. The result of this plunder was that the Muslims suffered the most, the infidels gained strength & as the attack had weakened the power of Delhi the neighboring non -Muslims attacked one by one. After Nadir Shah’s attack, Delhi was attacked by Jats, who not only plundered Delhi but took away whatever they could lay their hands on. After sometime the Marathas & Sikhs also attacked Delhi & thus the conditions of scholar at an early age. Translation of Holy Quran: Shah Wali Ullah recognized that the principles of Islam could not be followed properly unless the Holy Quran itself was understood. As Arabic was not widely understood by the Indian Muslims, thus the average Muslims derived his knowledge from the teaching of Muslim Jurists. The Indian Muslims did not understand the Holy Quran in Ara bic since it was not their language thus Shah Wali Ullah translated the Holy Quran into Persian, which was the main language of the Indian Muslims in Delhi became worse. Loss of power also caused economic suppression, sectarian differences and social degra dation among the Muslims. Shah WaliUllah’s Services for the Uplift of the Muslims of India: Educational Services : Shah Wali Ullah believed that many of the problems Muslims faced was due to their ignorance about Islam & the Holy Quran. He felt that an emphasis on Quranic teachings would not only improve their knowledge, but it would also reduce the sectarian differences & create a feeling of unity. Shah Waliullah worked hard to ensure that he was a role model for other Muslims. His deep understanding of the Holy Quran, Hadis, Fiqah and Tasawuf made him highly knowledgeable Muslims of that time. The Ulema criticized Shah Wali Ullah, but his work proved very popular. Later his two sons, Shah Abdul Qadir and Shah Rafi translated the Holy Quran into Urdu, which meant that many more people could study it. • Hijatul -Balighah : In this book, Shah Waliullah discussed at length the principles & fundamentals of Islam. In this he explained the methods of changing the Muslim society into a real Muslim society. He advises the Indian Muslims to act upon the teachings of Holy Quran & asked them to forget their differences & unite. • Izalat -al-Akhfa is another renowned book of Shah Waliullah in which he has written the explanations of the Holy Quran. Shah Waliullah wrote extensively on Hadis & Fiqah. He altogether wrote 51 books, out of which 23 are in Arabic & 28 are in Persian. • End of the Shia -Sunni Rivalry : - Shah Waliullah very firmly rejected the belief of some Sunnis that the Shia were not Muslims. He tried to bridge this difference of opinion
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