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, Randy J. LarsenWA S H I N G T O N U N I V E R S I T Y I N S T. L O U I S
David M. Buss
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
Personality Psychology
Third Edition
DOMAINS
OF
KNOWLEDGE
ABOUT
HUMAN
NATURE
Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis
Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto
,PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY: DOMAINS OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HUMAN NATURE
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue
of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright © 2008, 2005, 2002 by The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed
in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written
consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or
other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside
the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 09876
ISBN 978-0-07-353190-8
MHID 0-07-353190-1
Vice president and editor in chief: Emily Barrosse
Publisher: Beth Mejia
Sponsoring editor: Michael J. Sugarman
Editorial coordinator: Katherine C. Russillo
Marketing manager: Sarah Martin
Senior project manager: Diane M. Folliard
Designer: Marianna Kinigakis
Photo research coordinator: Sonia Brown
Media producer: Stephanie Gregoire
Supplement development editor: Meghan Campbell
Senior production supervisor: Carol A. Bielski
Composition: 10/12 Times Roman, by T echbooks-York
Printing: 45#Pub Matte Plus, R. R. Donnelley & Sons
Credits: The credits section for this book begins on page 739 and is considered an extension of the
copyright page.
Library of Congr ess Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Larsen, Randy J.
Personality psychology: domains of knowledge about human nature / Randy J. Larsen,
David M. Buss.–3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and indexes.
ISBN-13: 978-0-07-353190-8 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-07-353190-1 (alk. paper)
1. Personality–Textbooks. I. Buss, David M. II. Title.
BF698.L3723 2008
155.2–dc22 2006047327
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a
Web site does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and McGraw-Hill does not
guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
www.mhhe.com
, Dedication
To my children.
RL
To my father and first personality teacher, Arnold H. Buss.
DB
, Brief Contents
I N T R O D U C T I O N
1. Introduction to Personality Psychology 2
2. Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design 24
P A R T I
The Dispositional Domain
3. Traits and Trait Taxonomies 60
4. Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology 94
5. Personality Dispositions over Time: Stability, Change, and Coherence 136
P A R T I I
The Biological Domain
6. Genetics and Personality 172
7. Physiological Approaches to Personality 204
8. Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality 242
P A R T I I I
The Intrapsychic Domain
9. Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality 284
10. Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues 320
11. Motives and Personality 350
P A R T I V
The Cognitive/Experiential Domain
12. Cognitive Topics in Personality 390
13. Emotion and Personality 422
14. Approaches to the Self 462
P A R T V
The Social and Cultural Domain
15. Personality and Social Interaction 494
16. Sex, Gender, and Personality 522
17. Culture and Personality 552
P A R T V I
The Adjustment Domain
18. Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health 586
19. Disorders of Personality 620
C O N C L U S I O N
20. Summary and Future Directions 660
iv
, Contents
About the Authors xv Pr eface xvii
I N T R O D U C T I O N
Chapter 1
Introduction to Personality Psychology 2
Personality Defined 4
Personality Is the Set of Psychological Traits . . . 6
And Mechanisms . . . 7
Within the Individual . . . 8
That Are Organized and Relatively Enduring . . . 8
And That Influence . . 9
His or Her Interactions with . . . 9
And Adaptations to . . . 10
The Environment 10
Three Levels of Personality Analysis 11
Human Nature 11
Individual and Group Dif ferences 12
Individual Uniqueness 13
A Fissure in the Field 13
Grand Theories of Personality 13
Contemporary Research in Personality 14
Six Domains of Knowledge about Human Nature 15
Dispositional Domain 16
Biological Domain 16
Intrapsychic Domain 17
Cognitive-Experiential Domain 17
Social and Cultural Domain 18
Adjustment Domain 19
The Role of Personality Theory 20
Standards for Evaluating Personality Theories 21
Is There a Grand Ultimate and True Theory of Personality? 22
KEY TERMS 23
Chapter 2
Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design 24
Sources of Personality Data 26
Self-Report Data (S-Data) 26
Observer-Report Data (O-Data) 30
Test-Data (T-Data) 32
Life-Outcome Data (L-Data) 38
Issues in Personality Assessment 39
v
,vi CONTENTS
Evaluation of Personality Measures 41
Reliability 41
Validity 42
Generalizability 43
Research Designs in Personality 44
Experimental Methods 44
Correlational Studies 47
Case Studies 51
When to Use Experimental, Correlational, and Case Study Designs 53
S U M M A RY A N D E VA L U A T I O N 54
K E Y T E R M S 55
P A R T I
The Dispositional Domain
Chapter 3
Traits and Trait Taxonomies 60
What Is a Trait? Two Basic Formulations 62
Traits as Internal Causal Properties 62
Traits as Purely Descriptive Summaries 63
The Act Frequency Formulation of Traits—An Illustration of the Descriptive
Summary Formulation 64
Act Frequency Research Program 64
Critique of the Act Frequency Formulation 66
Identification of the Most Important Traits 67
Lexical Approach 67
Statistical Approach 69
Theoretical Approach 70
Evaluating the Approaches for Identifying Important Traits 72
Taxonomies of Personality 72
Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model of Personality 72
Cattell’s Taxonomy: The 16 Personality Factor System 77
Circumplex Taxonomies of Personality 79
Five-Factor Model 82
S U M M A RY A N D E VA L U A T I O N 91
K E Y T E R M S 93
Chapter 4
Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology 94
Theoretical Issues 97
Meaningful Differences between Individuals 97
Consistency over Time 98
Consistency across Situations 100
Person-Situation Interaction 101
Aggregation 107
,CONTENTS vii
Measurement Issues 108
Carelessness 109
Faking on Questionnaires 110
Response Sets 110
Beware of Barnum Statements in Personality Test Interpretations 116
Personality and Prediction 118
Applications of Personality Testing in the Workplace 118
Legal Issues in Personality Testing in Employment Settings 119
Personnel Selection—Choosing the Right Person for the Job 124
Selection in Business Settings—The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) 125
Selection in Business Settings—The Hogan Personality Inventory 130
S U M M A RY A N D E VA L U A T I O N 133
K E Y T E R M S 135
Chapter 5
Personality Dispositions over Time: Stability, Change, and Coherence 136
Conceptual Issues: Personality Development, Stability, Change, and Coherence 138
What Is Personality Development? 138
Rank Order Stability 138
Mean Level Stability 139
Personality Coherence 139
Personality Change 141
Three Levels of Analysis 141
Population Level 142
Group Differences Level 142
Individual Differences Level 143
Personality Stability over Time 143
Stability of Temperament during Infancy 143
Stability during Childhood 145
Rank Order Stability in Adulthood 148
Mean Level Stability in Adulthood 150
Personality Change 153
Changes in Self-Esteem from Adolescence to Adulthood 153
Flexibility and Impulsivity 154
Autonomy, Dominance, Leadership, and Ambition 154
Sensation Seeking 154
Femininity 155
Competence 157
Independence and Traditional Roles 157
Personality Changes across Cohorts: Women’s Assertiveness in Response to Changes
in Social Status and Roles 159
Personality Coherence over Time: The Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes 160
Marital Stability, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce 161
Alcoholism and Emotional Disturbance 162
Education, Academic Achievement, and Dropping Out 162
Health and Longevity 163
Prediction of Personality Change 164
,viii CONTENTS
S U M M A RY A N D E VA L U A T I O N 166
K E Y T E R M S 167
P A R T I I
The Biological Domain
Chapter 6
Genetics and Personality 172
The Human Genome 174
Controversy about Genes and Personality 175
Goals of Behavioral Genetics 176
What Is Heritability? 177
Misconceptions about Heritability 178
Nature-Nurture Debate Clarifie 179
Behavioral Genetic Methods 180
Selective Breeding—Studies of Humans’ Best Friend 180
Family Studies 181
Twin Studies 182
Adoption Studies 184
Major Findings from Behavioral Genetic Research 186
Personality Traits 186
Attitudes and Preferences 188
Drinking and Smoking 191
Marriage 192
Shared versus Nonshared Environmental Influences: A Riddle 193
Genes and the Environment 195
Genotype-Environment Interaction 195
Genotype-Environment Correlation 196
Molecular Genetics 198
Behavioral Genetics, Science, Politics, and Values 199
S U M M A RY A N D E VA L U A T I O N 200
K E Y T E R M S 203
Chapter 7
Physiological Approaches to Personality 204
A Physiological Approach to Personality 209
Physiological Measures Commonly Used in Personality Research 210
Electrodermal Activity (Skin Conductance) 210
Cardiovascular Activity 211
Brain Activity 212
Other Measures 213
Physiologically Based Theories of Personality 213
Extraversion—Introversion 214
Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment 220
, CONTENTS ix
Sensation Seeking 223
Neurotransmitters and Personality 229
Morningness–Eveningness 231
Brain Asymmetry and Affective Style 236
S U M M A RY A N D E VA L U A T I O N 241
K E Y T E R M S 241
Chapter 8
Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality 242
Evolution and Natural Selection 244
Natural Selection 244
Sexual Selection 245
Genes and Inclusive Fitness 246
Products of the Evolutionary Process 247
Evolutionary Psychology 249
Premises of Evolutionary Psychology 249
Empirical Testing of Evolutionary Hypotheses 250
Human Nature 252
Need to Belong 253
Helping and Altruism 254
Universal Emotions 257
Sex Differences 259
Sex Differences in Aggression 260
Sex Differences in Jealousy 262
Sex Differences in Desire for Sexual Variety 266
Sex Differences in Mate Preferences 267
Individual Differences 270
Environmental Triggers of Individual Dif ferences 271
Heritable Individual Dif ferences Contingent on Other Traits 272
Frequency-Dependent Strategic Individual Dif ferences 272
The Big Five and Evolutionarily Relevant Adaptive Problems 275
Limitations of Evolutionary Psychology 276
S U M M A RY A N D E VA L U A T I O N 277
K E Y T E R M S 279
P A R T I I I
The Intrapsychic Domain
Chapter 9
Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality 284
Sigmund Freud: A Brief Biography 287
Fundamental Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory 288
Basic Instincts: Sex and Aggression 289
Unconscious Motivation: Sometimes We Don’t Know Why We Do What We Do 289
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