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HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide With Questions And Answers Graded A+ Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types) Dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types) Monocytes and neutrophils Phagocytic immune cells (2 typ...

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HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide
With Questions And Answers Graded A+
Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types)
Dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells


Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types)
Monocytes and neutrophils


Phagocytic immune cells (2 types)
Macrophages and neutrophils


Difference between macrophages and neutrophils?
Neutrophils are short lived and will undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are
longer-lived and will eat apoptotic cells and waste


General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?)
Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro-inflammatory molecules that interact
with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and proteins into tissue


Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation?
Mast cell


Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel walls?
Adhesion molecules


E-Selectin
An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating leukocytes in innate immune response
(low-affinity interaction)


E-Selectin Ligand
A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that helps them stick to blood vessel endothelium in
innate immune response


ICAM-1
An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind to blood vessel endothelium in innate
immune response (high-affinity interaction)


Integrins (and the name of a specific one)
A class of adhesion molecules expressed on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high
affinity interaction during the innate inflammatory response


Stable Arrest
When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the endothelium thanks to adhesion molecule
interactions and can enter the tissue

, Pus
Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an inflammatory response (DNA, dead
bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils)


Psoriasis overview
Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques and arthritis; Skin plaques are caused by immune
cells migrating into the skin and initiating an inflammatory response


Psoriasis risk factors
History of strep infections, skin injury, first degree relative with psoriasis


TNF-alpha in psoriasis
A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in psoriasis that recruits immune cells into the skin and also
acts directly on epithelial cells to produce thickened/raised patches


Psoriasis treatment (biologics)
Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion
molecules on endothelial cells and prevent TNF-alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells


Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules
Susceptibility to infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue


Most abundant leukocyte
Neutrophils


What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against?
Extracellular bacterial infections


Plasmacytoid dendritic cell
A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases type 1 interferons


Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at producing them
Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral infection; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells


The Antiviral State
Protective state that cells enter in response to Type I Interferons; proteins that can bind to viral
double-stranded RNA are produced, infected cells will die, RNAse activity is induced


Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Molecules that are commonly expressed on pathogens but not vertebrate cells, help distinguish self
from non-self; can be on cell surface or released from cells


Gram-Negative Bacterial PAMPs
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cell wall, flagellin

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