Sport Science Unit 1 11th Grade SL test
C.5.2 Describe the risk of osteoporosis in males and females. - correct answer-for men
alcohol abuse, smoking, injury, not enough calcium.
For Woman alchoal abuse, smoking, injury, not enough calcium, Menopause
Compare type 1 and type 2 diabetes. - correct answer-Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune
disorder resulting in the destruction of the insulin producing cells of the pancreas. It usually
manifests in young people. Type 2 diabetes is a disease of insulin resistance, particularly in
skeletal muscle and is highly related to obesity and older age. Past terms for these disorders
include insulin dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM and NIDDM), which
are no longer used. Consider also the way in which diabetes is treated: type 1 with insulin;
type 2 with diet and exercise, oral medication and/ or insulin. Other less common forms of
diabetes do not need to be discussed. Cross reference 3.2.4.
Define the term hypokinetic disease. - correct answer-Hypokinetic Disease associated with
physical inactivity
Define the term mood - correct answer-A state of emotional or affective arousal of varying,
and not permanent duration. Feelings of elation or happiness lasting several hours or even a
few days are examples of mood.
Describe how obesity is determined. - correct answer-Obesity is by definition an excess of
body fat, but in reality obesity is determined using indirect measurements of body fat, for
example, body mass index (BMI) and waist girth. The description should be restricted to
these two techniques. The BMI values that define normal weight, overweight and obesity are
widely accepted. Waist girth values that define abdominal obesity are gender and ethnicity
specific and reflect different levels of disease risk in obesity.
BMI is the most widely used method of measuring obesity, yet it's limitations as a measure of
'fatness' are well known.
BMI- body composition differs amongst ethnic groups so BMI may need to be revised.
Sophisticated imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT), MRI and dual energy
x-ray (DXA) provide state of the art methods for measuring body fat. However, they are
costly and in the case of CT and DXA, expose the individual to radiation.
Describe strategies for enhancing adherence to exercise. - correct answer-Environmental
approaches- prompts, contracting, perceived choice.
Reinforcement approaches- rewards for attendance and participation, external feedback,
self-monitoring.
Goal setting and cognitive approaches- associative versus dissociative focus during
exercise.
, Social support approaches- role of significant others (spouse, family members, friends).
Include joining in, adjusting routines, transportation, providing equipment.
Describe the aims of exercise in individuals with a hypokinetic disease. - correct answer-To
make the most of limited functional capacities.
To alleviate or provide relief from symptoms.
To reduce the need for medication.
To reduce the risk of disease reoccurrence (secondary prevention)
To help overcome social problems and psychological distress.
Discuss how a lifestyle of physical inactivity increases the risk of
cardiovascular disease. - correct answer-Discussion of the physiological mechanisms is not
required (for example, why inactivity "causes" high blood pressure). Emphasis should be on
the concept that people who are physically inactive are more likely to have risk factors for
cardiovascular disease. High blood pressure, obesity, type 2 diabetes and low HDL-
cholesterol should be considered.
Discuss how studies of different populations provide evidence of the link between physical
activity and hypokinetic disease. - correct answer-Consider how various populations have
changed their lifestyles from one of high physical activity (traditional, agricultural based
living) to one of low physical activity (westernized living).
Discuss potential personal and environmental barriers to physical activity. - correct
answer-Discussion should be based on exercise adherence, limited to:
Personal factors- (i) demographic variables (ii) cognitive variables (iii) past behaviours.
Environmental factors- (i) social environment (ii) physical environment (iii) time (iv)
characteristics of physical activity offered (v) leader qualities (vi) social and cultural norms
within various ethnic groups.
Discuss the concept of energy balance. - correct answer-Energy balance is affected mainly
by food intake, resting metabolic rate and physical activity. Consider the effects of positive
and negative energy balance on body weight and composition.
Discuss the major risk factors for osteoporosis. - correct answer-Limit to lack of dietary
calcium, cigarette smoking, slim build (ectomorphy), lack of estrogen associated with early
menopause and female triad (athletic amenorrhea) and physical inactivity.
Discuss the major risk factors for type 2 diabetes. - correct answer-Limit to obesity, physical
inactivity, a diet high in saturated fat and family history.
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