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Microbiology notes of M.sc Food and Nutrition
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Definition of MicroorganismsMicroorganisms are living organisms that are too small to view with the naked eye. Bacteria,
archaea, algae, protozoa, and microscopic animals such as dust mites are examples of
microorganisms.
Microbes are microscopic, unicellular organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye.
Because they can only be seen under a microscope, they are sometimes known as
microorganisms or microscopic organisms. They account for over 60% of all living things on
the planet.
The term "microbes" refers to a variety of living organisms of various sizes and
characteristics. Among these microbes are the following:
• Bacteria
• Yeast
• Parasite
• Viruses
• Archaea
• Protozoa
Microbes can be both beneficial and dangerous. Microbes can cause serious infections and
diseases, as well as damage food and other things. Others, on the other hand, play a crucial
part in preserving the environment's balance.
Types of Microbes
The different types of microorganisms are:
Bacteria
• Bacteria are microscopic, unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms that have a real
nucleus.
• Peptidoglycan makes up their cell wall. They have a flagellum that helps them move
about.
• Bacteria are classified into several categories based on their shape and size. Cocci are
spherical-shaped bacteria; bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria; spiral-shaped bacteria are
spirilla, and so on.
• They reproduce via binary fission, and genetic material is transferred via
transformation, transduction, and conjugation, as well as sporulation.
• Bacteria play a critical function in the survival of humans. They help the digestive
system break down nutrients into simpler forms.
Souvik Tewari
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore, W.B., India
, • Nitrogen fixation is carried out by a few microorganisms, such as Rhizobium.
• They're also utilised to make antibiotics and can be employed as biopesticides in
agriculture.
Structure of Bacteria
Figure: Structure of Bacteria
Bacteria are prokaryotes with chromosomes made up of a single closed DNA circle and no
well-defined nuclei or membrane-bound organelles. From tiny spheres, cylinders, and spiral
threads to flagellated rods and filamentous chains, they appear in a variety of forms and sizes.
They can be found almost anywhere on the planet and live in some of the most strange and
harsh environments.
Bacteria have been shown to have existed for as long as 3.5 billion years, making them one of
the Earth's oldest living species. The archeans (also known as archaebacteria) are microscopic
prokaryotic creatures that only thrive in harsh settings such as boiling water, super-salty pools,
sulfur-spewing volcanic vents, acidic water, and deep within Antarctic ice. Many scientists
now assume that archaea and bacteria diverged roughly four billion years ago from a common
Souvik Tewari
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore, W.B., India
, ancestor. The ancestors of today's eukaryotes split from the archaea millions of years ago.
Despite their superficial resemblance to bacteria, the archea are biochemically and genetically
as dissimilar to bacteria as bacteria are to humans.
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first to study bacteria under a microscope in the late 1600s.
The importance of bacteria as pathogens was revealed in the nineteenth century by the French
scientist Louis Pasteur and the German physician Robert Koch (causing disease). Numerous
advances in bacteriology occurred during the twentieth century, demonstrating their diversity,
ancient lineage, and overall relevance. Most notably, a number of scientists from throughout
the world contributed to the area of microbial ecology, demonstrating the importance of
bacteria in food webs and the overall health of Earth's ecosystems. Antibiotics were developed
after scientists discovered that some bacteria produced substances that killed other bacteria.
This discovery transformed medicine.
There are two different ways of grouping bacteria. They can be divided into three types based
on their response to gaseous oxygen. Aerobic bacteria require oxygen for their health and
existence and will die without it. Anerobic bacteria can't tolerate gaseous oxygen at all and die
when exposed to it. Facultative aneraobes prefer oxygen, but can live without it.
The second way to categorise them is based on how they get their energy. Heterotrophs are
bacteria that must ingest and break down complex organic substances. Species that live in
decaying matter, as well as those that use fermentation or respiration, fall under this category.
Autotrophs are bacteria that generate their own energy from light or chemical processes.
Capsule - Some bacteria have a third layer of defence in the form of a polysaccharide capsule
(complex carbohydrates). The most significant functions of capsules are to prevent the bacteria
from drying out and to protect it from phagocytosis (engulfment) by larger germs. In bacteria
that cause disease, such as E. coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae, the capsule is a crucial
virulence component. These organisms' nonencapsulated mutations are avirulent, meaning they
don't cause disease.
Cell Envelope - The cell envelope is made up of two to three layers: the cytoplasmic membrane
on the inside, the cell wall on the outside, and an outer capsule on some bacteria species.
Cell Wall - A stiff cell wall made of peptidoglycan, a protein-sugar (polysaccharide) polymer,
surrounds each bacteria. The cytoplasmic membrane is surrounded by the wall, which gives
the cell its structure and protects it from the environment. It also aids in the anchoring of
Souvik Tewari
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore, W.B., India
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