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Absolute polycythemia
- ANSWER-excessive red blood cell production; a physiologic response resulting from
increased erythropoietin secretion in response to chronic hypoxia or as a symptom of
polycythemia vera.
Absorption atelectasis
- ANSWER-see Atelectasis.
Acid maltase deficiency (glycogen storage disease type II or Pompe disease)
- ANSWER-an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that damages muscle and
nerve cells throughout the body by an accumulation of glycogen in the lysosome
attributable to deficiency of the lysosomal acid a-glucosidase enzyme. The buildup of
glycogen causes progressive muscle weakness (myopathy) throughout the body and
affects various body tissues, particularly in the heart, skeletal muscles, liver, and
nervous system.
Acne
- ANSWER-a common skin disease characterized by pimples on the face, chest, and
back. It occurs when the pores of the skin become clogged with oil, dead skin cells, and
bacteria.
Acne conglobate
- ANSWER-severe cystic acne characterized by cystic lesions, abscesses,
communicating sinuses, and thickened, nodular scars; usually does not affect the face.
Acne rosacea
- ANSWER-a chronic form of dermatitis of the face in which the middle portion of the
face appears red with small red lines caused by dilation of capillaries.
Acne vulgaris
- ANSWER-an inflammatory eruption of the sebaceous follicles usually occurring on the
face, upper back, and chest that consists of blackheads, cysts, papules, and pustules.
Noninflammatory acne
- ANSWER-open comedones caused by the enlargement and dilation of a plug resulting
from the accumulation of oil and dead skin cells inside the hair follicle and by closed
comedones that form if the hair follicle pore remains closed; they appear as a tiny,
sometimes pink bump in the skin.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- ANSWER-see Immune deficiency.
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Acquired sideroblastic anemia
- ANSWER-see Anemia.
ACTH deficiency
- ANSWER-a condition characterized by decreased or absent production of
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland, resulting in a reduction in
the secretion of adrenal hormones and subsequent weight loss, lack of appetite,
weakness, nausea, vomiting, and low blood pressure.
Actinic keratosis
- ANSWER-a condition in which a premalignant small, reddish, rough spot appears on
skin chronically exposed to the sun.
Acute chest syndrome
- ANSWER-a syndrome occurring in association with sickle cell disease defined by a
new infiltrate on chest radiograph; associated with one or more new symptoms: fever,
cough, sputum production, dyspnea, or hypoxia. It occurs most commonly in the 2- to 4-
year-old age group and declines in incidence with age.
Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie syndrome)
- ANSWER-a massive dilation of the large bowel that occurs in critically ill patients and
immobilized older adults. It is characterized by significant dilation of the cecum and
absence of mechanical obstruction, and is related to excessive sympathetic motor input
or decreased parasympathetic motor input.
Acute confusional state (ACS)
- ANSWER-a form of delirium caused by interference with the metabolic or other
biochemical processes essential for normal brain functioning. Symptoms may include
disturbances in cognition and levels of awareness, short-term memory deficit,
retrograde and anterograde amnesia, and disturbances in orientation, accompanied by
restlessness, apprehension, irritability, and apathy. The condition may be associated
with an acute physiologic state, delirium, toxic psychosis, or acute brain syndrome.
Acute coronary syndrome
- ANSWER-a classification encompassing clinical presentations ranging from unstable
angina through infarction.
Acute cystitis
- ANSWER-an inflammation of the bladder, which is the most common site of urinary
tract infection.
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Acute epiglottitis
- ANSWER-an infection that causes inflammation of the epiglottis and surrounding
tissues and may lead to upper airway blockage.
Acute gastritis
- ANSWER-an inflammatory disorder of the gastric mucosa, usually caused by injury of
the protective mucosal barrier by drugs, chemicals, or Helicobacter pylori infection.
Acute glomerulonephritis
- ANSWER-see Glomerulonephritis.
Acute gouty arthritis
- ANSWER-an abrupt pain of a joint, most often the great toe, which is swollen, hot, and
shiny secondary to an attack of gout.
Acute idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
- ANSWER-see Thrombocytopenia.
Acute leukemia
ANSWER-see Leukemia.
Acute liver failure (fulminant liver failure) –
ANSWER-a rare clinical syndrome resulting from severe impairment or necrosis of liver
cells without preexisting liver disease or cirrhosis. Acetaminophen overdose is the
leading cause.
Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
- ANSWER-a spectrum of acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
- ANSWER-see Leukemia.
Acute mesenteric ischemia
- ANSWER-caused by acute occlusion of the mesenteric artery that results in a
significant reduction in mucosal blood flow to the large and small intestines. Aortic
aneurysms, arterial thrombi, or emboli can be causes.
Acute mountain sickness (AMS)
- ANSWER-the presence of a combination of nonspecific symptoms that appear within a
few hours after ascent to altitude, and may include headache, loss of appetite, nausea,
vomiting, weakness, lassitude, dizziness, and difficulty sleeping.
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Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
- ANSWER-see Leukemia.
Acute orthostatic hypotension
- ANSWER-an abnormal decrease in blood pressure when a person stands. This may
lead to fainting.
Acute otitis media (AOM)
- ANSWER-an infection of the middle ear space, behind the eardrum (tympanic
membrane); characterized by pain, dizziness, and partial loss of hearing.
Acute pancreatitis –
ANSWER-inflammation of the pancreas resulting from obstruction to the outflow of
pancreatic digestive enzymes caused by bile duct or pancreatic duct obstruction (e.g.,
gallstones). Usually a mild disease and resolves spontaneously.
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)
- ANSWER-see Glomerulonephritis.
Acute pyelonephritis
- ANSWER-acute inflammation of the renal parenchyma and pelvis characterized by
small cortical abscesses and yellowish streaks in the medulla resulting from the
accumulation of pus in the collecting tubules and interstitial tissue.
Acute renal failure (acute renal injury)
- ANSWER-a sudden decline in kidney function with a decrease in glomerular filtration
and accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood as demonstrated by an
elevation in plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
- ANSWER-capillaries or alveoli of the lungs are damaged as a result of infection, injury,
blood loss, or inhalation injury causing fluid to leak from the capillaries into the alveoli,
resulting in pulmonary edema and collapse of some alveoli.
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
- ANSWER-the kidney undergoes ischemic or nephrotoxic injury because of severe
hypotension, aminoglycosides, or radiocontrast agents and produces granular and
epithelial cell casts in urine.
