Samenvatting
Summary Taak 5 twee processen
- Instelling
- Maastricht University (UM)
Taak 5 van het vak verslaving. Het vak wordt gegeven in het 3e jaar van de bachelor gezondheidswetenschappen.
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Voorbeeld 2 van de 14 pagina's
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Taak 5 twee processenHoffman Impulsive versus reflective influences on health behavior: a theoretical framework
and empirical review
- This framework proposes that impulsive versus reflective influences may both
determine health behavior, albeit to different degrees depending on a variety of
situational or dispositional boundary conditions
- One common element of these models is the assumption that health behavior is the
result of cognitive appraisal processes of the (a) expectancy and value of potential
health threats and (b) possible coping responses. From these appraisal processes, a
behavioral decision to reduce the health threat may be formed. Importantly, these
decisions and the resulting goal-directed behavior are typically seen as reasoned,
conscious, and intentional acts that require a person’s volitional control or willpower
in order to be effective.
- impulsivity, that is, the generalized tendency to act without deliberation, has been
found to be positively associated with problematic health behavior
scarce evidence for impulsive influences
- past models and research on the connection between self-control and health behavior
have primarily focused on (a) models illuminating the determinants and processes by
which individuals take reasoned action to engage in health-relevant behavior, (b) the
capacity for self-control and the conditions and strategies affecting it, and (c) relevant
personality correlates related to the successful regulation of health-related behavior.
Somewhat surprisingly, however, the determinants and processes by which impulses
(as opposed to general impulsivity) exert an influence on health behavior have
received much less attention
- impulses are specific rather than unspecific, arising when global motivations meet
specific activating stimuli in the environment. an impulse typically possesses a strong
incentive value consisting of a primitive hedonic component. Third, an impulse
typically includes a behavioral tendency to act, often an urge to approach or consume
the temptation at hand
- impulsivity refers to a chronic and general tendency to act on impulses
- why impulsive influences should gain more attention: First, although most of the
models mentioned above make very clear assumptions about the determinants of
health-related decisions and behavior, the appraisal and feasibility checks involved in
such models are part of processes of higher-order mental reasoning and intending.
Second, even though the capacity for self-control and its associated boundary
conditions have been thoroughly researched, these studies typically yield only indirect
evidence for the differential impact of impulsive vs. reflective influences on behavior.
Third, even though personality correlates of trait self-control and impulsivity point to
important differences in the general capacity to instigate or maintain healthy
behaviors, such findings (a) are often mute about the underlying processes that
determine regulatory success or failure and (b) are usually not sensitive for the
situational fluctuations that health-related behavior appears to be subject to. Thus, the
personality approach may best be complemented by a process-oriented approach that
spells out in more detail when and why individual health behavior is determined by
impulsive or reflective influences, respectively.
A dual-systems framework of impulsive versus reflective influences on health behavior
- These models share the assumption that structurally different systems of information
processing underlie the production of impulsive versus reasoned forms of behavior.
Some authors have also proposed that distinct brain areas underlie these systems
Impulsive influences on health behaviour
1
, - impulses are assumed to be triggered in the impulsive system from the activation of
associative clusters in long-term memory in close interaction with perceptual stimulus
input. These associative clusters have been created or strengthened by temporal or
spatial co-activation of external stimuli, affective reactions, and associated behavioral
tendencies, thus reflecting the learning history of the organism
- From a functional perspective, these associative clusters ‘‘prepare’’ the organism to
evaluate and respond to the environment quickly in accordance with one’s needs and
previous learning experiences
- The associative clusters just described are assumed to form gradually over time.
Moreover, associative processes are generally assumed to be independent of conscious
awareness and of one’s personal endorsement of an association as true or false. Most
importantly, impulsive processes of behavior determination are assumed to operate in
an effortless manner. In other words impulses are assumed to activate associated
behavioral schemas in the motor cortex of the brain no matter whether cognitive
resources are momentarily available or not.
- a good measure of impulse should tap into the associative structure that generates
hedonic or behavioral reactions triggered upon stimulus encounter. Because the
generation of impulses is assumed to occur in the absence of conscious control,
impulse assessment should also minimize interference from consciously controlled
processing. Moreover, impulse assessment should be sensitive enough to capture
situational variations in impulse strength due to changes in bodily need states.
Reflective influences on health behaviour
- the reflective system can be seen as the mental faculty that has evolved in order to
serve this purposes. Specifically, the reflective system employs higher-order mental
operations which provide a fairly large and flexible degree of control over decisions
and actions. These operations include executive functions such as making reasoned
judgments and evaluations, putting together strategic action plans for goal-pursuit, and
inhibiting or overriding prepotent responses. They are achieved through relatively
slow controlled processes based on symbolic representations and operations
- reflective system generates behavioral decisions which in turn activate corresponding
behavioral schemas in the motor cortex.
- the symbolic contents in the reflective system form the basis of conscious experiences
that can be communicated to others
conflicts between the impulsive and reflective system
- both systems access a common final mechanism for overt behavior execution: the
activation of behavioral schemas. Specifically, which behavioral schema wins out over
the other will depend on the relative strength of activation for competing schemas
which have received their input from the impulsive and reflective system, respectively.
- Most importantly, because the
two systems follow differential
operating characteristics, certain
situational and dispositional
boundary conditions may shift
the potential for schema
activation in favor of one of the
two systems
Implication
- our analysis suggests that the
predictive validity of health
behavior models may be
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