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Samenvatting Artikel Alan Turing

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Computing Machinery and Intelligence

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  • 16 september 2019
  • 5
  • 2019/2020
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Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Mind 49 (236): 433-460. 6 september 2019
Turing, A. (1950) Dounia Bennar

Can Machines Think?
 Main question of Turing’s paper: Can machines think?
 Form of the question is unhelpful.
 Defining ‘machines’ and ‘think’ in common terms could be
dangerous: mistakenly think that the answer can be obtained
from some kind of statistical survey.
 Replace the question: ‘The Imitation Game’.
 Game of two rooms: 1st room with man A and woman B, 2 nd room
with interrogator C. C must determine which is the man and
which the woman through typewritten communication.
 A tries to mislead C, while B tries to help C to the correct
identification.
 Best strategy for B is to answer truthfully(Ex. ‘I am the woman,
don’t listen to him!’). Not sufficient enough, for the man can
make these as well.
 Replace the question again: ‘What happens when a machine takes
the role of A?’
 Influence on the decisions of the interrogator.

Testing Machine Intelligence
 Clear line between physical and intellectual capacities of humans.
 Separation of rooms and use of written communication.
 ‘Thinking machine’ doesn’t need to look, sound or feel like a
human for the purpose of testing intelligence.
 Definition ‘Machine’(within the game):
 Any kind of engineering technique is permitted.
 Exclude natural born humans, biological creation and …..
 Conclusion: Machine should be ‘digital computer’.

Digital Computers
 Analogy of a human computer: human follows a set of fixed rules,
using an unlimited supply of paper for calculations.
 Idea of a digital computer is old. Ex. Analytical Engine designs by
Charles Babbage until 1871. Mechanical design, but important idea.
 Definition ‘Digital Computer’:
 Has a store of information for calculations and rules the
computer must follow.
 Numbers should be assigned to parts of the store: example
‘add the number stored in position 1 to that in 2 and put the
result back in the latter position’. Machine language: ‘125’, 5
being the reference to the rule.
 Has an executive unit which carries out the individual
operations.
 Has a control which ensures that instructions are performed in
accordance with the rules and in the correct order.

, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Mind 49 (236): 433-460. 6 september 2019
Turing, A. (1950) Dounia Bennar
 Normally: in the order they are stored in memory, unless the
instruction contains logic that asks the control to continue
from another instruction in another storage location.
 Creation of rules is programming.
 The ability to define logic is an important factor in mimicking the
ability of a human computer.
 Prediction: before the year 2000, it would be possible to program
computers to play the game so, that an interrogator will not have
more than 70% chance of making the right identification after 5
minutes.

Contrary Views
Theological Objection

 Argument: Thinking is a function of man’s immortal soul. God has
given an immortal soul to every man and woman, but not to any
other animal or to machines  no animal or machine can think.
 Response: Thinking machines do not discard God’s power of
creating souls any more than humans do so in the procreation of
children.
Head in the Sand Objection

 Argument: The consequences of machines thinking would be too
dreadful. Let us hope and believe that they cannot do so.
 Response: Argument would likely be quite strong in intellectual
people, since they want to feel superior over others in their thinking.
Mathematical Objection

 Argument: Discrete-state machines have a limit, as shown by
results of mathematical logic. Example: Godel’s theorem (1931).
Some statements can be formulated in a way that they can neither
be proved nor disproved within any sufficiently powerful logical
system.
 Response: There are limits to the power of a machine, but these
can also apply to human intellect. We feel superior when the
machine fails, forgetting our own human failures. The mathematical
argument does accept ‘The Imitation Game’ as a basis for
discussion, unlike the previous two arguments.
Argument from Consciousness

 Argument: A machine cannot match a brain until it is conscious,
moved to act by it’s own thoughts and emotions.
 Response: We can only know if one thinks by being that particular
someone. Logical view to hold, but difficult to prove. Example: “A
thinks but B does not” whilst B believes “B thinks but A does not.”
This could be an endless discussion. Turing accepts a certain

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