AMR Final Exam Questions and Answers 100% CorrectAMR Final Exam Questions and Answers 100% CorrectAMR Final Exam Questions and Answers 100% CorrectAMR Final Exam Questions and Answers 100% CorrectAntimicrobial Resistance - ANSWER-Ability of microorganism to stop an antimicrobial from working agains...
AMR Final Exam Questions and Answers
100% Correct
Antimicrobial Resistance - ANSWER-Ability of microorganism to stop an antimicrobial from working against it
Community-Acquired Infection - ANSWER-Infection acquired from communal setting
Healthcare-Acquired Infection - ANSWER--Nosocomial Infection
-Infection caught in healthcare setting
Multilocus Sequence Typing - ANSWER-Method of isolating bacterial isolate by measuring DNA sequence variation in housekeeping genes
Most Probable Number - ANSWER-Method to estimate number of bacteria in liquid sample based on number of dilutions needed to detect no growth
Bacteriocidal Antibiotics - ANSWER-Kill bacteris
Bacteriostatic Antibiotics - ANSWER-Inhibit bacterial growth
Narrow Spectrum - ANSWER-Kill specific organism
Broad Spectrum - ANSWER-Kill range of bacteria
Synergistic Effect - ANSWER-Combined potency of combination drugs higher than sum of individual potencies
Pan-Resistance - ANSWER-Bacteria that are resistant to last-reserve antibiotics
AMR Consequences in Healthcare - ANSWER--Higher hospital costs
-Increased mortality
-Increasing AMR
AMR Water Transmission - ANSWER--10-90% excreted as urine
-Wastewater sludge and manure used as fertiliser
Human Exposure from Environment - ANSWER--What we eat
-Where we live
-What we do
-What we drink
Ernest Duchesne - ANSWER--First discovery of penicillin -1897
AMR Contributors - ANSWER--Antibiotic Use
-Lack of antibiotics
-Poor sanitation
-Use in agriculture -Inadequate infection controls in healthcare facilities
Antibiotic Underuse - ANSWER-Not finishing prescribed antibiotics
Antibiotic Use - ANSWER-Increases risk for other infections
Antibiotic Overuse - ANSWER-25-75% of prescriptions not necessary
Antibiotic Use in Farming - ANSWER--Growth promoters
-Infection control
FDA in 1951 - ANSWER-Approved antibiotic use for farming
Antibiotic Use in Animals - ANSWER-70% of antibiotics
UN in 2016 - ANSWER-Declared antibiotic use in animals leading cause of resistance
Agricultural Antibiotic Consequences - ANSWER--Enhanced AMR -Transmission of resistant bacteria to humans -Contamination of environment
-Emergence of novel AMR -Negative effects on human health
Problems with Eliminating Antibiotics in Agriculture - ANSWER--Loss of profit -Ease of access
Major Reservoirs of AMR - ANSWER--Food Animals -Pets -Humans
Transmission of AMR in Air - ANSWER--Soil
-Leaves
-Water
-Humans
-Wastewater
-Waste
-Compost
Colony Forming Units - ANSWER-Estimates number of viable bacteria assuming 1 bacterium = 1 colony Alexander Fleming - ANSWER--Rediscovery of penicillin
-1928
Class B Beta-Lactamases - ANSWER-Carbapenemases
2-Component Regulatory System - ANSWER-Signalling cascade that allows cells to sense outside environment and respond accordingly
AmpG-AmpR-AmpC Pathway - ANSWER--Muropeptides transported into cytoplasm by AmpG
-NagZ removes NAG and rest interacts with regulator AmpR -Activates AmpC transcription which is beta-lactamase gene
Cecil George Paine - ANSWER-1st clinical use of penicillin using crude extracts
Howard Florey - ANSWER-Successfully isolated penicillin and demonstrated clinical potential
Ernest Chain - ANSWER--Vital in isolation of penicillin -1940: penicillin as chemotherapeutic agent
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin - ANSWER--Discovered structure of penicillin using X-ray crystallography
-1945
Penicillin Commercially Available - ANSWER-1943
Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors - ANSWER--Beta-lactams -Glycopeptides -Cycloserine -Fosfomycin
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors - ANSWER--Chloramphenicol
-Oxazolidinones -Tetracyclines
-Macrolides
-Aminoglycosides
RNA Synthesis Inhibitors - ANSWER-Ansamycins
Bacterial DNA Replication Inhibitors - ANSWER-Quinolones
Folic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors - ANSWER--Sulfa-drugs -Trimethoprim
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