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PN2003 MIDTERM FINAL EXAM
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PN2003 MIDTERM FINAL EXAM ...
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PN2003 MIDTERM FINAL EXAM 2024- 2025 As we age what happens to our height? Why? decreased height approx. 2 inches by 80 years old - due to reduced hydration - loss of cartilage - thinning of the vertebra - long bone curve What happens to our weight as we age? Why? -Weight is reduced because - muscle mass is reduced - fat tissue is decreased (total body fat of body composition is increased) - bone mass decreases - intracellular fluid decreases = less body fluid - because of less fat the elderly are colder what is pneumonia inflammation of the lungs How is pneumonia present? - fever - rapid pulse >100 - shortness of breath - chest pain upon inhaling - femmy cough 😷 with yellow/green sputum As we age what happens to to the respiratory system structure? - elastic recoil decreases - chest wall compliance decreases (the ability of the lung tissue to "abso rb" the same applied force, which generally results from a change in intrathoracic pressure) - alveoli function decreases - anteroposterior diameter (barrel chest)increases (rib cage cannot expand and compress) As we age what happens to the respiratory system control? - response to hypoxemia (low o2) decreases - response to hypercapnia (build-up of CO2) decreases As we age what happens to the respiratory system defense mechanisms? - decreased cell-mediated immunity - decreased specific antibodies - decreased cilia function - decreased cough force - decreased alveolar macrophage function (They ingest small inhaled particle s) As we age what happens to the cardiovascular system? - decreased heart rate - increased arrhythmias (irregular/fast/slow heartbeat) - ischemic tissue (reduction in blood supply) - hypertrophy (heart muscle becomes thickened, making chambers smaller) - blood vessels and arteries in the head, neck, and extremities are m ore prominent (due to fat loss and thinner skin) - heart size does not change with age - valves become thick and rigid - CO decreases What is arteriosclerosis? hardening of the arteries What is atherosclerosis? The build-up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the arte ry walls. As we age what happens to the musculoskeletal system? - enlarged joints (kyphosis) - muscle fibers atrophy (wasting/thinning of muscle) - muscle decreases - muscle mass, strength, movements decrease (sarcopenia) - possible muscle tremmors - reflexes are lessened - bone mineral/mass is decreased (demineralization) What causes demineralization of bones? prolonged inactivity what amount of older adults suffer from arthritis? What is arthritis? 50% - inflammation of a joint As we age what happens to the endocrine system? - decreased regulatory and feedback mechanisms - decreased binding affinities and receptors - decreased thyroid gland output of thyroxine - decreased rate of insulin release from the pancreas - decreased receptor sensitivity to glucose - decreased ability to metabolize insulin = high blood suger - decreased ACTH (stress is more difficult) - As we age what happens to the integumentary system? - skin tags - purpura (purple bruised looking skin) - actinic keratosis (from sun exposure) - seborrheic keratosis (non-cancerous) - senile pruritus (dry scaly skin) - skin repairs slower What is very common in the elderly who are immobile related to the integumentary system? pressure injuries As we age what decreases in the GI system? - decreased HCL production - decreased taste buds - decreased intestinal motility - decreased swallowing coordination - decreased vit b12 (k) absorption from food As we age what changes in the GI system in regards to the large intestine? - slowed transitVoordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
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