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Language and Communication Summary - Radboud University, IBC, Year 1 €2,99
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Language and Communication Summary - Radboud University, IBC, Year 1

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Summary of the necessary book chapters from "An Introduction to Language and Linguistics" by Fasold & Connor-Linton, combined with lecture notes. Includes the knowledge needed for both exam 1 and exam 2 with a clear division in the document.

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  • Nee
  • Chapters 1-6, 10, 13
  • 6 oktober 2019
  • 42
  • 2017/2018
  • Samenvatting
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Chapter 1 – Properties of Language
Modularity

1. language is a modular system
2. language production and perception draw on different modules
3. every module is responsible for part of the language production/ perception process
4. modules are related and interdependent
5. modules:
phonetics/phonology
morphology
syntax
lexicon/semantics
pragmatics
discourse organization


Constituency and recursion
(1) She gives a lecture.
(2) The woman with the dark glasses gives a lecture.
The short haired woman with the dark glasses and the necklace gives a lecture

Constituency allows for flexibility, structure and recursiveness


Productivity
(7) I thought, that you thought, that he thought that she thought....
(8) A brilliant, colourful, original, skilfully designed, beautifully framed ... picture
• language is infinitely productive
• new words


Discreteness
• every language has its own set of discrete units (phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases etc.)
• what is discrete in one language, does not have to be in another


Arbitrariness

• no relation between sound and meaning of a word

chair /tʃeə(r)/

• onomatopoetic word

• sound inventory of a language is arbitrary

• patterns in which sounds and words combine are arbitrary

,Context dependence

(9) bank = the land alongside or sloping down to a river or lake

vs.

bank = organization that provides financial services

vs.

bank = to travel with one side higher than the other

(10) their vs. there vs. they're

(11) right vs. write




Variability

• some universal characteristics

• differences between individual languages

• differences between speakers of the same language

• language use of individual speakers differs depending on situation and people they speak to

• language is used to establish social identity

• standard vs. nonstandard varieties




WEEK 2

Language disciplines – Phonetics

The branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds of speech and their pronunciation, combination,
description and representation by written symbols.



Language disciplines – Phonology

The branch of linguistics that deals with the distribution and patterning of speech sounds in a
language and with the tacit rules that govern pronunciation.



Articulation – how sounds are made

1. Air stream mechanism, usually moving air out of lungs

2. Vocal folds (vibration = voiced sounds; aspiration)

3. Velum (open = nasal sounds, closed = oral sounds)

,4. Which articulator used and how it is used


Type of articulator and location of constriction = place of articulation
Sort of constriction = manner of articulation



How are speech sounds made? Manner of articulation

Manner of articulation = the way in which air stream is released

1. stops (air flow is cut off completely, examples [p], [t], [k])

2. fricatives (air flow is not blocked, but restricted, the air stream

becomes noisy, examples [s], [z], [f], [v])

3. affricates (a stop + fricative in one sound)

4. approximant (restriction of air flow without the friction of fricative)

5. glides -> laterals & rhotics

laterals (air flow over the sides of tongue, l-sounds)

rhotics (r –sounds, a lot of variation across languages)

6. nasals (air flow via the nose, examples [m], [n], [ŋ]


Obstruents

Oral stops, fricatives and affricates

Restriction of air flow results in a hissing sound

Sonorants

Nasal stops, approximants and vowels

Sound are made via the vibration of the vocal folds, they are always voiced



Place of articulation

- Bilabial [p], [b] & [m]

- Labiodental [f], [v]

- Dental [θ] (] (thin) [ð] then

- Alveolar [t], [d], [n] & [l], [s] [z]

- Postalveolar [ʃ], [ʒ] & [ʧ], [ʤ]

, - Palatal [j]

- Velar [k], [g], [ŋ]

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