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APES AP Exam Review With Complete Solutions Latest Update
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APES AP Exam Review With Complete Solutions Latest Update
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APES AP Exam Review With Complete SolutionsLatest Update
First Law of Thermodynamics - correct answers energy is neither created nor destroyed, may be converted from one
form to another.
Second Law of Thermodynamics - correct answers when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful
energy is degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat).
Energy - correct answers the ability to do work. Units of energy: joules, calories, kilocalories, British thermal units (BTUs),
Kilowatt-hours (kWh)
Power - correct answers the rate of doing work (work/time). Units of power: watts and kilowatts.
High quality energy - correct answers easily converted to useful work, organized and concentrated (ex: oil and nuclear)
Low quality energy - correct answers not easily converted to useful work, disorganized, dispersed (ex: heat).
Electromagnetic radiation - correct answers form of energy, travel as waves, e g radio waves, IR, visible light, UV, gamma
rays.
Ionizing radiation - correct answers enough energy to knock electrons from atoms, forming ions, capable of damaging
DNA. (Gamma, X rays, UV)
Radioactive decay - correct answers unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha and beta particles.
Half-life - correct answers time it takes for ½ of the mass of a radioisotope to decay. A radioisotope must be stored
approximately 10 half lives before it has decayed to a safe level.
,Nuclear fission - correct answers nuclei of isotopes are split apart into smaller nuclei; used in commercial nuclear
reactors.
Nuclear fusion - correct answers 2 isotopes of light elements are forced together at high temperatures. Happens on sun
and stars, very difficult to accomplish on Earth, prohibitively expensive
Parts of hydrologic (Water) cycle - correct answers evaporation (transpiration = evaporation from plants), condensation,
precipitation
Fate of precipitation - correct answers evaporation (transpiration), runoff or infiltration and percolation.
Aquifer - correct answers water saturated layer in ground, can yield a usable amount of water.
Water table - correct answers upper surface (top) of the aquifer (zone of saturation)
Overdraft - correct answers withdrawing water from a resource faster than it is replenished (discharge>recharge)
Recharge - correct answers water moving into a reservoir or aquifer
Cone of depression - correct answers lowering of water table around a pumping well.
Salt water intrusion - correct answers over pumping of groundwater near coast causes salt water to move into aquifer.
Ways to conserve water - correct answers agriculture- drip irrigation
industry - recycling
home use - fix leaks, use gray water, low flow fixtures
Distribution of water on Earth - correct answers 97 % seawater, 3% freshwater (2% icecaps and glaciers, <1% in ground
water, surface, organisms and atmosphere).
, Major macronutrients - correct answers CHNOPS.
Micronutrients and trace elements - correct answers needed in small amounts.
Carbon - correct answers component of all organic molecules
Largest reservoir of carbon - correct answers (1) sedimentary rocks
(2) oceans.
Photosynthesis - correct answers Process by which plants convert CO2 to complex carbohydrates (C6H12O6), removes C
from atmosphere.
Cellular respiration - correct answers organisms break down carbohydrates; releases energy, returns C to atmosphere.
Aerobic - correct answers requires oxygen
Processes that release C to the atmosphere - correct answers cellular respiration and decomposition, fires, burning fossil
fuels, volcanoes.
Carbon-silicate cycle - correct answers slow, geological cycle: C in oceans used by marine organisms ends up in ocean
sediments are subducted into Earth's crust, eventually returned through volcanic venting.
Nitrogen - correct answers component of proteins (amino acids) and nucleic acids.
Largest reservoir of nitrogen - correct answers atmosphere (78% N2). Producers cannot directly use nitrogen gas
Nitrogen fixation - correct answers N2 is converted to ammonia NH3. Bacteria do this (esp. Rhizobium living
symbiotically with legumes)
Haber process - correct answers industrial N fixation, uses lots of fossil fuels
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