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AOS With Complete Solutions Latest UpdateApraxia of Speech What is it? - correct answers •An impairment of the capacity to program the positioning of the speech
musculature and the sequencing of muscle movements during volitional production of phonemes
•The speech musculature does not show significant weakness, slowness, or incoordinationwhen used for reflex and
automatic acts
•Articulatoryproblems may be accompanied by prosodic alterations
•A phonetic-motoric disorder of speech production
•Caused by inefficiencies in translating phonologic frames to kinematic parameters for carrying out intended
movements
•Results in intra-and interarticulator temporal and spatial segmental and prosodic distortion
Apraxia of Speech Articulatory characteristics - correct answers •Perceived substitutions, distortions, omissions, and
repetitions. Substitutions predominate but may reflect or include distortions if narrow transcription employed
•Place>manner>voicing>oral/nasal in frequency
•Bilabials, lingual-alveolar errors < other places of articulation
•Affricates, fricatives in error > other manners of production
•Substitutions are anticipatory or regressive, reiterative/ perseverative, or metathetic
Apraxia of Speech Articulatory characteristics continued - correct answers •More errors on consonant clusters than
singletons
•Consonant and vowel errors/distortions; consonant errors predominate when both error types present
•Consonant substitutions sometimes perceived as complications rather than simplifications of target sounds
•Distortions and perceived substitutions tend to be close to target features
Apraxia of Speech Phonological influences on articulation - correct answers •Sound position within words may not
influence error frequency; when it does, initial position is most difficult
•Errors greater for infrequently occurring sounds
•Errors greater for nonsense syllables than meaningful words
•Errors increase with increased word length
•Errors increase as distance between successive points of articulation increases
, Apraxia of Speech Nonphonologicalinfluences on articulation - correct answers •Error rates higher for
volitional/purposive versus automatic/reactive utterances •Inconsistent errors (same sounds not always in error) in
variable contexts; location and types of sound errors are consistent in repeating trials •Errors on both imitative and
spontaneous speech; imitative errors do not exceed spontaneous errors •Speakers aware of articulatoryerrors, can
some-times predict them, often attempt to correct them
Apraxia of Speech Prosodic disturbances - correct answers •Tendency toward equal stress •Inappropriate
intersyllabicpauses •Restricted and altered intonationaland loudness contours
•Effortful, groping, repetitive attempts to produce sounds accurately
•Rate is usually slow
•Occasional perception of foreign accent
Speech Sensorimotor Control - correct answers •Phases in speech processing
-Linguistic-symbolic planning: premotorprocess based on knowledge of linguistic rules of language
-Motor planning: formulating the strategy of action by specifying motor goals, i.e, movements
-Motor programming: selection and sequencing of motor programs for movements of the muscles of the articulatory
structures
-Execution: motor plans and programs transformed into nonlearnedautomatic (reflexive) motor adjustments
Speech Sensorimotor Control
•Outcomes of dysfunction to each phase: - correct answers -Linguistic-symbolic planning: disorders in selection and
sequential combination of phonemes (paraphasia) -Motor planning: inability to recall invariant core motor plans or
identify motor goals for specific phonemes, sequentially organize speech movements
-Motor programming: hypo-and hyperkinetic dysarthria, ataxic dysarthria, and spastic dysarthria
-Execution: flaccid dysarthria, dysarthria due to hyper-and hypotonus, hyperkinesias of cerebellarorigin
Apraxia of Speech Characteristics - correct answers •Distortions of segment and intersegment transitionalization
resulting in extended durations of consonants, vowels, and time between sounds, syllables, and words •Distortions
perceived as sound substitutions, misassignment of stress, and other prosodic abnormalities •Relatively consistent
errors in location and invariable in type (but see Staigeret al. 2012)
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