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Explain and Evaluate Leopolds use of an "ethics of extension" in the first part of The Land Ethic correct answers "Ethical criteria have been extended to many fields of conduct, with corresponding shrinkages in those judged by expediency only." Boundaries of moral concern or respect - Do we hav...

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PHIL 334 - Exam 1 || Questions and 100% Verified Answers.
Explain and Evaluate Leopolds use of an "ethics of extension" in the first part of The Land Ethic
correct answers "Ethical criteria have been extended to many fields of conduct, with
corresponding shrinkages in those judged by expediency only."
Boundaries of moral concern or respect
- Do we have obligations concerning our treatment of non-human animals?
- Do we have obligations concerning our treatment of non-non-animal organisms?
- Do we have obligations to protect environmental systems (ecosystems)?
- Do we have obligations to preserve species diversity? - Are these obligations direct or
instrumental?

Leopold argues that ethical development and the extension to a land ethic is like evolutionary
development. Explain and evaluate his view. correct answers An ethic, ecologically, is a
limitation on freedom of action in the struggle for existence. An ethic, philosophically, is a
differentiation of social from anti-social conduct. These are two definitions of one thing. The
thing has its origin in the tendency of interdependent individuals or groups to evolve modes of
cooperation.

State Leopold's Key Log Principle and evaluate this principle in light of one important objection.
correct answers "A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of
the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise."
Ferre Objection "Frankly, at this stage of biological and ecological knowledge we simply do not
know enough about the web of life to be confident which actions will or will not enhance the
"integrity, stability, and beauty" of the biotic community."

Explain one of Ferre's objections to Leopold, and then explain how Leopold might respond to it.
correct answers "Frankly, at this stage of biological and ecological knowledge, we simply do not
know enough about the web of life to be confident which actions will or will not enhance the
"integrity, stability, and beauty" of the biotic community."
Response - we can know which actions will or will not enhance the "integrity, stability, and
beauty" based on the situation.

Naess argues that a proper understanding of our Selves will include an account of our association
with the ecological systems with which our lives are intertwined. Explain and evaluate Naess's
argument for this claim, and his view that protecting the environment should be understood as a
kind of self-defense. correct answers Parents: Children are part of the 'self' of a parent.
So when we protect and defend 'the environment,' we will see it as an act of self-defense.

Briefly explain one of Plumwood's main critical arguments against Arne Naess's deep ecology.
Then explain and evaluate the argument Naess would probably employ in his response to
Plumwood. correct answers We might contrast Naess's broad conception of the self and self-
interest with the narrower conception we find in egoists, in economic models (like commons
tragedies and the prisoners' dilemma!), in some libertarian political thought, and in Ayn Rand.
This narrow self is infantile, according to Naess, who draws on Fromm and on other work in
developmental psychology. As we mature, we move beyond this narrow view.

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