College aantekeningen
Lecture notes Cancer Biology & Treatment - AUC
Lecture notes and chapter summaries of all course material covered in Cancer Biology & Treatment at Amsterdam University College.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 40 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 40 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Cancer Biology & Treatment (AUC)LECTURE 1
Introduction 06-09
- Incidence is number of new cases in a certain period per region
o Also recorded as number of cases per 100000 inhabitants
- Prevalence is all persons who have been diagnosed with cancer and are still alive at a certain date
- Mortality is number of people who died as a result of cancer in a certain period
- Survival is percentage of patients who are still alive at a certain period after diagnosis
o Corrected for expected death
What is cancer
- Large group of diseases (more than 100 types)
- Characterised by uncontrollable cell growth, invasiveness, and growing metastasis
- Only malignant tumours are cancer
Why is a malignant tumour so dangerous
- Disturb organ function
- Compete with normal cells for nutrients and oxygen
- Can cause obstructions (eg. No blood flow to organ)
Carcinomas: arise from epithelial cells
Adenocarcinomas: from glandular tissues
Sarcomas: from mesodermal tissue (bone and muscle)
Lymphomas: from white blood cells
Why are carcinomas so prevalent
- Exposed more to carcinogens
o Compound, radiation
o Induces mutations in DNA
o Accumulation of DNA mutations can cause development of cancer
Factors playing a role in cancer development
- Environment (sunlight, asbestos)
- Diet & exercise (fish, fruit can help)
- Alcohol
- Smoking -> also causes other cancers
- Hormones
- Viruses
- Own metabolism
Early on you get mutations that deregulate growth
, - Then more cells grow and one may accumulate more mutations
- This goes on to form a heterogeneous and clonal tumour
o Heterogeneous because different mutations -> makes treatment difficult
o Clonal because all stem from one cell
Inheritability
- You cannot really inherit cancer but you can inherit mutations from germline cells that can put you at
a higher risk for cancer
Why does risk for cancer increase in age
- Allows time for accumulation of mutations in DNA
- Matter of chance and time (exposure from carcinogens
- Third one on slide
Hallmarks of cancer (characteristics that all cancers have
Ten hallmarks in book -> very important (can get question on this in exam)
A tumour is more than just a bulk of cells
- Tumour microenvironment includes blood vessels, normal cells, immune cells
Oncogenesis reverts differentiated cells back to a more stem cell type
- Goes to more primitive cell type that can only proliferate
Tumour suppressor genes stimulate differentiation
Oncogenes
- Often normal genes (sometimes come from viruses)
- The normal genes are called proto-oncogenes
What do you need for a tumour to develop
- Need oncogene
- Need tumour suppressor gene to lose its function
Can we see difference between normal and cancer cells
- Cancer cells have a different morphology
- Cancer cells can grow at low serum (not much growth factor) in culture media
- Cancer cells have decreased contact inhibition
- Cancer cells do not need substrate for attachment
How can we identify oncogenes
- Isolate genes from tumour cells
- Transfect this into normal cells
- See whether the growth of these cells is different
Homework: find out if there is an easier way of identifying these oncogenes
,Treatment of cancer
- Surgery
- Radiotherapy
- Chemotherapy
- Cytostatic treatment
- Cytotoxic treatment
Treatments have toxicity to normal tissue cells
- Need to stay within the therapeutic window -> all possible doses that are therapeutic and cause no
horrible toxicity
- Therapeutic index is the ratio of dosage at 50% damage to normal cells to the dosage at 50% of
damage to cancer cells
Every hallmark is a potential target for selective therapy
Only small proportion of patients (25%) benefits from cancer treatment
- Important to know which patients benefit from certain treatments
- Figure out before which treatments cannot help certain people -> no unneeded costs and side effects
- Diagnostics!! Responsiveness can be predicted by genetics
, CHAPTER 1
General Introduction
What is cancer?
The six hallmarks of cancer
- Growth signal autonomy
o Cancer cells do not need growth factors to divide like normal cells
- Evasion of growth inhibitory signals
o Cancer cells do not respond to growth inhibitory signals
- Unlimited replicative potential
o Normal cells have a limit to replicating potential due to the shortening of telomeres
o Cancer cells retain the length of their telomeres and therefore can replicate infinitely
- Invasion and metastasis
o Migration of cancer cells is a huge cause of death, healthy cells usually do not migrate
- Angiogenesis
o Cancer cells induce angiogenesis for a better supply of nutrients and oxygen
- Evasion of cell death
o Cancer cells avoid apoptotic signals so they are not killed
Two enabling characteristics of cancer
- Tumour promoting inflammation
o Inflammation can help tumours by providing growth factors and enzymes that stimulate
angiogenesis and invasion, they can also release ROS to help create mutations in cells
- Genome instability and mutation
o Mutations in DNA and inability to fix these usually leads to the 6 hallmarks of cancer
Especially when the mutations are related to growth factors
Two emerging hallmarks of cancer
- Avoiding immune destruction
o There is evidence that the immune system can recognize cancer cells
o Successful cancer cells do not stimulate such immune response or are able to interfere with it
to avoid destruction
- Reprogramming energy metabolism
o Adjusting energy metabolism is needed to keep up with the demands of rapidly dividing
cancer cells
Benign and malignant tumours
- Benign tumours don’t metastasize and are therefore no evidence of cancer
o They can be life threatening due to their location (in the brain for instance)
- Malignant tumours show features of invasion and metastasize (movement through the body)
Cancer cells in culture
- They don’t grow as a sheet, rather as an uncontrollable pile
- They can grow in low serum since they do need much growth factor
- They have a different morphology (more round rather than flat)
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper frankaverlaan. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €7,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 78998 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen