PSYC 228 Exam 2 Questions And Answers. Verified and Updated
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PSYC 228
PSYC 228 Exam 2 Questions And
Answers. Verified and Updated
Social cognition - answerthe investigation of how people think about others.
Accuracy - answernot very X, it is centered around convincing ourselves and others are
accurate in regards to reality in social cognition.
Cognitive miser - ...
PSYC 228 Exam 2 Questions And
Answers. Verified and Updated
Social cognition - answer✔✔the investigation of how people think about others.
Accuracy - answer✔✔not very X, it is centered around convincing ourselves and others are
accurate in regards to reality in social cognition.
Cognitive miser - answer✔✔our brain takes up a lot of energy because we are processing so
much information, so we try to conserve out resources by taking shortcuts when we can.
Stroop test & Stroop effect - answer✔✔a standard measure of effortful control over responses,
requiring participants to identify the color of a word (which may name a different color). the
finding that people have difficult overriding the automatic tendency to read the word rather than
name the ink color.
Information overload - answer✔✔when there is too much information for our brain's to process,
we tend to shut down. can be classified into two groups.
Sacrificer - answer✔✔they sacrifice some accuracy in order to do good enough cognition.
typically leads to the right answer yet mistakes are made but cognitive resources are conserved
(happier and more optimistic).
Maximizer - answer✔✔they try their best to be accurate. they will use the most resources
possible in order to guarantee they get to the right answer (balls of anxiety).
Deliberate system - answer✔✔better at awareness, intention, control, & effort.
Automatic system - answer✔✔better at efficiency & it relies on knowledge systems.
Awareness - answer✔✔deliberate is when we are aware of whats happening. automatic is when
we aren't.
Intention - answer✔✔deliberate requires it. we are rarely guiding our automatic.
Control - answer✔✔deliberate is when we have it. automatic we don't.
Effort - answer✔✔deliberate requires more X which leads to accuracy, requires more resources.
automatic doesn't.
EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 24, 2024 1:33:58 PM
,Efficiency - answer✔✔automatic has more X since it doesn't require as many resources, and is
not entirely wrong.
Knowledge structures - answer✔✔automatic system realizes on x; organized packets of
information that are stored in our memory.
Schema - answer✔✔shortcuts for the mind. tends to hold a lot of information about a concept
which allows us to make different assumptions or expectations.
Violations of expectations - answer✔✔it throws us and makes us uncomfortable causing us to
think we're wrong which we don't like to be. it feels sudden and we have to reorient ourselves to
understand what's happening.
Stereotypes - answer✔✔like schema, people shortcuts to information instead of object shortcuts.
we fill in our gaps in our memory. ex.) if you don't have a lot of information about a person, you
might use stereotypes to label them.
Kelly (1950): stereotyping - answer✔✔had a speaker come to a university and gave people who
were coming a poster that said the speaker was cool or gave them a poster that said the speaker
was warm and friendly. afterwards, they asked participants to rate the speaker on their coldness
and goodness and provide examples of that behavior. people wanted the speakers behavior to
reenforce the stereotypes their poster exemplified.
Script - answer✔✔an expectation of an event. focused on lists. we have a script of expectations
of how things should be. ex.) college class, birthdays, restaurants.
Priming - answer✔✔works by activating a stereotype and expecting to see a change in behavior.
hard to test, hard to replicate.
Bargh, Chen, & Burrows (1996): priming - answer✔✔primed people with polite, neutral, or rude
words. DV: how often did the subject interrupt the experimenter. people primed with politeness
rarely did. people primed with neutral did one third of the time. people primed with rudeness did
two thirds of the time.
Framing - answer✔✔how you present a situation, by changing the way you view an experience.
Gain framed appeal - answer✔✔the emphasis is on what you can get out of an experience
(possible gains). ex.) you can win a million dollars!
Loss framed appeal - answer✔✔the emphasis is on the risks (possible losses). ex.) you can win a
million dollars but you could die.
Thought suppression - answer✔✔when we tell ourselves not to think about something, we tend
to think about it more. we are really bad at this. it's hard to monitor.
EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 24, 2024 1:33:58 PM
, Heuristics - answer✔✔how we end up making decisions. similar to schema, but they aren't based
on factual info.
Representative heuristics - answer✔✔something which seems more representative is more likely
to happen. ex.) if a coin is flipped 5 times, what is more likely HHHHT or HTHTH (more people
say option 2).
Prototype - answer✔✔the image which comes to mind when you think of something. ex.) chair -
think of the most common option in your mind is.
Barnum effect (Bertram 1949) - answer✔✔as long as you make comments which are
representative of most of the population. on an individual basis, it makes them feel like it's
applicable to them & who they really are. ex.) astrology, psychic readings.
Cause to effect - answer✔✔we expect the cause to be of equal magnitude to the effect. ex.)
cause: massive amounts of rain. effect: a massive flood.
America than Asia (Spina et al. 2010) - answer✔✔tested with Chinese and Canadian college
students. researches exposed students to a low cause or high cause virus (how likely it is) and
low effect (sniffles) or high effect (stuck in bed). how likely is it for this to occur in both
populations? there was a more drastic effect among Canadian than Chinese students.
Available heuristic - answer✔✔how likely or how easy something comes to mind.
Schwarz et al. (1991): aggressiveness - answer✔✔asked participants to think of specific times
they were aggressive (50% had to come up with 6 times, other 50% had to come up with 12
times). then had subjects rate how aggressive they are. he found that the participants who were
asked to come up with 6 times rated themselves as more aggressive than those came up with 12
who rated themselves as less aggressive. Since it was easier to come up with 6 answers instead of
12 believed they were more aggressive.
Emotion vs fact - answer✔✔ease vs. amount. more emotional is based on how easily information
comes to mind. more factual is based on how much information is coming to mind. ex.) types of
deaths: sensational deaths (shark attack) or mundane (vending machines).
Chou & Edge (2012): fb comparisons - answer✔✔researchers monitored how much time
subjects spent on facebook. then asked them how happy their friends are, and how does their life
compare to their friends' lives. those who spent more time on facebook thought their friends were
happier and had better lives. subjects used easily available information to compare themselves
even though the information isn't factual, causing them to make poor decisions.
Simulation heuristic - answer✔✔things that are easier to imagine (simulate) in our heads are
more likely to happen. things that are available to us are easier to imagine. ex.) easier to imagine
when a shark attack happens and someone dies, harder to imagine someone getting crushed by a
vending machine.
EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 24, 2024 1:33:58 PM
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