PSYC 205 Exam Test Bank | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions)
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PSYC 205 Exam Test Bank | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions) Which of the following statements is most accurate? a) Some examples of animal 'teaching' appear to fit the current operational definition of teaching. b) It is commonly accepted that the current operational definition of 'teach...
Which of the following statements is most accurate?
a) Some examples of animal 'teaching' appear to fit the current operational definition of
teaching.
b) It is commonly accepted that the current operational definition of 'teaching' captures
the key components of human teaching.
c) Meerkat 'teaching behavior' includes information regarding how to kill prey.
d) Comparative cognition research indicates that 'teaching' is not a key component to
the cumulative culture of human populations.
In 1999, Whiten and colleagues proposed three essential criteria for determining
whether a behavior might be best described as a cultural variant that differs across
populations of a species. These include all of the following except
a) The behavior of interest should be present in some populations of a species but
absent in others.
b) There should be no reason to think that genetic differences could account for
population differences in the behavior of interest.
c) The behavior of interest should be considered to be the outcome of social learning.
d) The behavior of interest should be present in only some families (i.e., kin groups) with
a population.
Given the research by Horner and Whiten (2005) using opaque and transparent boxes
that contained rewards (described in the text), all of the following statements are
supported except
a) Chimpanzees do not engage in high fidelity imitation in any situations that have been
observed thus far.
b) For chimpanzees, when the causal structure of a task is clear, emulation may occur
more readily than imitation.
c) Human children are more strongly biased to imitate, regardless of the transparency of
a causal structure.
d) Human children are more likely than chimpanzees to 'overimitate' in situations in
which they can observe the physical, causal properties of an apparatus.
After observing a member of his group use a stone to crack open a nut, the observing
chimpanzee recognizes the end- state of the actions (to obtain nuts) and uses the same
actions as the observed chimpanzee. This type of social learning would typically be
called
a) Imitation
b) End-state emulation
,c) Mimicry
d) Enhancement
Researchers have proposed that there are certain characteristics of the demonstrator(s)
in relation to the observer make the former's actions more likely to be copied. These
characteristics lead to 'strategies' for social learning that include all of the following
except
a) Copy individuals who are actually successful and productive.
b) Copy individuals who other members of the group are observing.
c) Copy behaviors that the majority of the group are doing.
d) Copy lower ranked individuals who have engaged in asocial learning.
In some cases of social learning, the identity of the demonstrator increases his or her
salience for an observing individual. This has been called
a) Observational conditioning
b) Enhancement
c) Directed social learning
d) Conformity
What best describes the behavior of isolated male song birds who do not have
exposure to other birds during the first year of life?
a) After approximately 9 months, they produce crystallized song
b) Within the first few months, they produce an isolate song
c) Within the first few months, they produce a plastic song
d) After approximately 12 months, they cease to produce song
One day, a two-year-old child sees his father place a bag of apples on a scale at the
grocery store. Right after, the child happily puts a bag of fruit on the scale. This is an
example of
a) Emulation
b) Imitation
c) Mimicry
d) Observational conditioning
Which of the following are examples of social learning?
a) Stimulus enhancement
b) Observational conditioning
c) Imitation
d) All of the above
,As detailed in the textbook, circumstances in which individuals may start to learn from
others' behavior include all of the following except
a) If one's established behavior becomes unproductive, individuals should switch to
copy the behavior of others.
b) If the environment is rapidly changing, individuals should engage in social learning.
c) Individuals should engage in social learning when the costs of asocial learning are
high.
d) Social learning should occur more when the potential demonstrators share the same
environment as the potential learner.
Which of the following does not characterize Nim Chimpsky's use of American Sign
Language?
a) He responded correctly to instructions to perform novel actions (e.g., "Put the ball in
the refrigerator").
b) Many of his strings of signs consisted of repeated words.
c) His average 'utterance' length remained small relative to that of developing children.
d) Many of Nim's signs were repetitions of signs that the trainer had just
made.
Which of the following has not been used to support the claim that primate lip- smacking
may be an evolutionary precursor to human speech?
a) Lip-smacking has a 3-8 Hz rhythm which is similar to the periodicity of integral
aspects of speech in many human languages.
b) The rhythm of gelada monkey vocalized lip-smacks (i.e., 'wobbles') closely matches
that of human speech.
c) The rhythm of lip-smacking is unique among primate mouth movements and
vocalizations.
d) Lip-smacking is present in Old World, but not New World, monkeys.
Which of the following is evidence that supports the claim that signature whistles play a
role in individual recognition in bottlenose dolphins?
a) Signature whistles mark the beginning of play-fighting.
b) Individuals create elaborate signature whistles as a form of honest
signaling or 'handicapping'.
c) Individuals will produce their own signature whistle when meeting other individuals.
d) Signature whistles are often mimicked by other individuals in order to obtain access
to feeding sites.
Which of the following statements would not typically be used to support the claim that
the FoxP2 gene is involved in bird song learning?
a) When zebra finches are engaged in song learning, FoxP2 is upregulated in the same
, regions of the brain that had previously been assumed to be associated with song
learning.
b) In zebra finches, only males learn songs through exposure to the songs of other
males in their group.
c) Interfering with FoxP2 expression in young zebra finches results in incomplete and
inaccurate song learning.
d) All of the statements support this claim.
One particularly fascinating observation from the study of Sarah the chimpanzee, who
was trained with plastic shapes that represented words, was that:
a) She showed 'fast mapping' when associating new plastic shapes with new words.
b) She associated signs from American Sign Language with the plastic shapes.
c) If shown a red apple and a banana, she would choose a plastic shape that
represented the number "2"
d) If shown are dapple and the symbol for 'color of', she would choose a plastic shape
previously associated with the color red.
Which of the following is incorrect, given research to date?
a) Both human boys and girls will engage in play fighting, or 'rough-and- tumble' play.
b) Play fighting in rats elevates levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (a growth
factor) in the amygdala and dorsolateral frontal cortex.
c) Typically, as long as they have other types of social interactions within the first 20
days of life, rats deprived of play fighting will show normal social competence.
d) Typically, the period of development in which human rough-and-tumble play between
children and parents is most common corresponds with the development of frontal lobe
functioning,
Which of the following statements is inaccurate?
a) Deceptive signaling indicates that a species has a 'theory of mind'.
b) For some species, the cost of ignoring real alarm calls likely outweighs the cost of
responding to false alarms.
c) Diana monkeys respond with alarm calls to the alarm screams of chimpanzees with
whom they share a common predator, but they do not respond to the social screams of
chimpanzees.
d) Vocal mimicry can allow for deceptive signaling.
The waggle dance of bees contains information about the distance and direction of a
food location. Distance information is conveyed through the
a) Angle of the dance to the vertical
b) Rapidity of the 'waggle' of the dance
c) Number of times the dance is completed
d) Length of the 'run' of the dance
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