Psych 115 Week 4 Practice Questions and Correct Answers
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16S rDNA sequencing: measures species identity and abundance used to profile names and relative levels of bacteria
Metagenomics (sequencing): survey of DNA in a sample; measures functional potential of the community
Metatranscriptomics (sequencing): survey of mRNA in a sample; measures activity o...
psych 115 week 4 practice questions and correct an
16s rdna sequencing measures species identity an
metagenomics sequencing survey of dna in a sam
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Psych 115 Week 4 Practice Questions
and Correct Answers
16S rDNA sequencing: ✅measures species identity and abundance
used to profile names and relative levels of bacteria
Metagenomics (sequencing): ✅survey of DNA in a sample; measures functional
potential of the community
Metatranscriptomics (sequencing): ✅survey of mRNA in a sample; measures activity of
the community
Metabolomics (liquid/gas chromatography + mass spectrometry or NMR) ✅survey
small molecules or proteins in a sample; measures functional output
Gnotobiotic animals ✅model organisms that can be reared germ-free (aka axenic) and
colonized with defined microbes
enable you to colonize animals with select microbial species or communities and
observe what happens to the host
Functional redundancy ✅certain species contribute in equivalent ways to the function
of an ecosystem, such that one species can substitute for another
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) ✅enables you to see where bacteria are
located in a sample relative to other cells
Advantages: spatial information for bacterial identity
Limitations: specificity of probes and multiplexing probes, signal quality & detection,
bacteria are dead because tissues need to be fixed and processed.
Niche specificity ✅co-occurring species are optimized to occupy specific areas
Manipulation of the host microbiota (including human) ✅antibiotics, probiotics,
probiotics, bacteriotherapy (microbiota transplant)
prebiotics ✅nutrients that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes in the intestine
probiotics ✅live microbial cultures administered to exert a beneficial effect
bacteriotherapy ✅Transplanting microbiota from a healthy donor into a recipient
, is the composition of the gut microbiota the same across species of vertebrae? ✅no,
the composition of the gut microbiota is species dependent
pathways linking the microbiome and CNS ✅vagus nerve, circulatory system, immune
system
Epilepsy ✅Epilepsy is a neurological condition which produces seizures that are
caused by disturbances in the electrical activity of the brain.
Refractory seizures are uncontrolled, frequent and severe. Typically do not respond to
anti- seizure medication
the Keto diet ✅The ketogenic diet has been shown to be helpful for some epilepsy
conditions. These include infantile spasms, Rettsyndrome, tuberous sclerosis
complex, Dravet syndrome, Doose syndrome, and GLUT-1 deficiency.
Using a formula-only ketogenic diet for infants and gastrostomy-tube fed children may
lead to better compliance and possibly even improved efficacy.
How do we study the microbiome? ✅1) "'omics" methods enable high-throughput
profiling of microbiota, their genes, their gene transcripts and their functional products
2) There are some technicallimitations to multi'omics methods and some conceptual
limitations (e.g. no spatial information).
3) Fluorescent probes can be used to label bacteria in a section of tissue for imaging
4) Live bacteria can be cultured outside of the host and tested for interactions with each
other (microbe-microbe) or for interactions with host cells (e.g. epithelial cells)
5) Microbiota can be transplanted into germ-free animals to make gnotobiotic mice and
test for causal effects on host physiology
6) Microbiota can interactions can impact brain development, function and disease state
7) Small bioactive molecules regulated by the microbiota can impact host physiology
HM ✅Modern studies of the hippocampal role in memory began with studies of the
famous neurological patient H.M.
Large portions of H.M.'s medial temporal lobe were resected to treat his
severeintractable epilepsy
Scoville and Milner (1957) studied H.M.'s resulting memory loss
severe anterograde amnesia for almost all "declarative memories" of facts and episodes
that he encountered after his operation
temporally-graded retrograde amnesia; he showed better memory for "declarative"
information acquired long before surgery than recently before surgery
Procedural learning (e.g., motor skill learning) was found to be normal in H.M.
Although H.M. was able to recognize people he knew from before his surgery, he had
great difficulty remembering people who he met after his surgery
• His doctors were among those he had trouble remembering.Despite seeing him every
day for months, H.M.'s doctorshad to reintroduce themselves to him every time they
saw him, as if meeting him for the first time!
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