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Social Science Law Civil Law Real Property Rule Statements 100 questions and correct answers (elaborations) with 100% accurate , verified , latest fully updated , 2024/2025 ,already passed , graded a+, complete solutions guarantee distinctions rationales|€10,62
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STUVIA 2024/2025
1. Social Science
2. Law
3. Civil Law
Real Property Rule Statements
Private Nuisance
A private nuisance is a substantial and unreasonable interference with another's use or enjoyment of
her land.
A substantial interference means that the interference must be offensive, inconvenient or annoying to
the average person in the community.
The interference is unreasonable if the harm to plaintiff outweighs the utility of defendant's conduct or
the harm caused to the plaintiff is greater than the plaintiff should be required to bear without
consideration. The test for both considers the neighborhood, the land value, and alternatives
available to the defendant.
Defenses to Nuisance Claims
Regulatory compliance is persuasive but not an absolute defense to a private nuisance.
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Trespass to Land
Trespass to land is the intentional physical invasion of the land of another. The defendant need only
intend to voluntarily invade the land of another. The trespass does not need to actually damage
anything on the land.
Trespass to Chattels
A trespass to chattel is an intentional interference with a person's use or possession of a chattel.
Trespass Defenses (3)
Legal privilege
Consent, express and implied
Necessity: acting in an emergency situation to protect from threatened injury to person or property.
Prescriptive Easement
An easement is a nonpossessory right to enter into the land of another. An easement by prescription
is obtained using the principles of adverse possession. To create such an easement there must be
actual use, that is open, notorious and visible, must be hostile and continuous for the statutory period.
Note, however, that unlike adverse possession, it need not be exclusive.
1. Actual - The claimant must have actual use of the property that is adverse to the servient parcel.
2. Open and Notorious - The use must be open, notorious and visible.
3. Hostile - To be hostile means that the easement must be used without the owner's consent.
4. Continuous - The easement must be in continuous use for the statutory period.
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Government Taking - Generally
When the government takes private property for public use, the private owner must receive just
compensation to satisfy the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment.
- Per se taking
- Partial taking
Just compensation is measured as the market value of the property at the time of the taking.
Per se Taking
A total taking occurs when the government permanently physically invades or confiscates property.
Lateral Support Rights
Every landowner has a right to receive the necessary physical support from adjacent soil (lateral
support). The right to lateral support is absolute.
If the land is in its natural state, the landowner is strictly liable if his excavation causes adjacent land
to collapse.
If the land has been improved upon by adding structures to the property, an adjoining landowner will
be strictly liable for its excavation only if it is shown that the land would have collapsed in its natural
state.
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If it would not have collapsed in its natural state, the landowner may be liable through a theory of
negligence.
Zoning Ordinance - Generally
The Tenth Amendment allows states to regulate the use and development of land through zoning for
the protection of the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of its citizens. Zoning regulations
must be reasonably, not arbitrary, and have a substantial relation to the public benefits listed
previously.
Nonconforming Use Variance
A property owner can seek a variance from the zoning regulation if he can show the variance does
not deviate from the comprehensive zoning plan (ie. not contrary to public interest) AND unnecessary
hardship due to the unique features of the property or practical difficulty. The harm to neighboring
areas will be a factor considered.
- A landowner's claims of unnecessary hardship will often be rejected when the hardship is
self-imposed.
However, a majority of jurisdictions find that any change or improvement to the nonconforming
property must comply with new zoning regulations and that, if the structure is destroyed, the rebuilt
structure must comply with the new zoning regulations.
- only applies to natural force destruction.
Deed of Trust
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A deed of trust operates like a mortgage, except that the debtor is the trustor and the deed of trust is
given to a third-party trustee.
Foreclosure
Foreclosure is a process by which the lender may reach the land in satisfaction of the debt if the
debtor is in default. In a foreclosure proceeding, there is an order in which multiple lenders are
compensated.
Priority of Interests in a Foreclosure Action
After the land is sold, the proceeds will be used to satisfy the debt(s) secured by the property. The
debts are paid in descending order of priority, which usually means chronologically. Each lender is
entitled to payment in full before a lower-ranking creditor receives any payment.
Generally, the order of payment from foreclosure proceedings is: (1) attorneys/trustees fees, (2)
purchase-money mortgage or secured senior interests, (3) secured junior interests, and finally (4)
unsecured interests. The foreclosure of junior interests will not affect senior interests but the
foreclosure of senior interests will destroy all junior interests.
Subrogation
The right acquired by the title company to any remedy or damages available to the insured when a
title company makes a payment to settle a claim covered by a policy.
This happens when a person pays off another's mortgage obligation and then becomes the owner of
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that obligation. Meaning, that the new owner can bring a foreclosure action.
In a foreclosure priorities problem, if there is a complete subrogation of the first in time mortgage by a
later mortgagee, the later mortgagee now has priority.
Co-Tenancy Right to Reimbursement
One co-tenant making a necessary repair may seek contribution from the other co-tenant. However,
net income from a business operated by a co-tenant on the premises of the shared property is not
required to be shared among other co-tenants.
Assumption Agreeements
In general, it is the lender-mortgagee's choice whether to proceed against the original mortgagor or a
transferee who has assumed the mortgage obligation.
The SOF does NOT apply to an assumption agreement.
Fixtures
A fixture is tangible personal property (ie, chattel) that is so attached to real property that it is treated
as part of the real property when determining its ownership.
As a result, a seller is prohibited from removing a fixture when the real estate contract does not state
which items will stay with the house.
Adverse Possession (4)
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