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MCB 100 FULL Exam 1 (UIUC) Questions and Answers Graded A+ Question: What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Answer: Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and organelles surrounded by ...

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MCB 100 FULL Exam 1 (UIUC) Questions
and Answers Graded A+
Question: What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?


Answer: ✔✔ Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while

eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and organelles surrounded by membranes.




Question: What is the role of ribosomes in bacterial cells?


Answer: ✔✔ Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, translating mRNA into

polypeptide chains that fold into functional proteins.




Question: Which component of a bacterial cell wall is primarily responsible for its rigidity?


Answer: ✔✔ Peptidoglycan provides rigidity to the bacterial cell wall, helping the cell maintain

its shape and protecting it from osmotic pressure.




Question: What is the function of bacterial plasmids?


Answer: ✔✔ Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules in bacteria that often carry genes for

antibiotic resistance and can be transferred between bacteria through conjugation.




1

,Question: What is the significance of Gram staining in microbiology?


Answer: ✔✔ Gram staining is used to differentiate bacteria into two major groups: Gram-

positive and Gram-negative, based on the characteristics of their cell walls. This distinction helps

guide treatment decisions in clinical settings.




Question: What is binary fission?


Answer: ✔✔ Binary fission is the process by which bacterial cells reproduce, where a single cell

divides into two identical daughter cells.




Question: How does the electron transport chain function in bacterial respiration?


Answer: ✔✔ The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes located in the cell

membrane that transfer electrons from donors to acceptors, generating a proton gradient that

drives ATP synthesis.




Question: What are endospores, and why are they important?


Answer: ✔✔ Endospores are highly resistant, dormant forms of bacteria that can survive extreme

conditions such as heat, radiation, and desiccation. They allow the bacteria to persist until

favorable conditions return.




2

,Question: What is the role of pili in bacterial cells?


Answer: ✔✔ Pili are hair-like appendages on the surface of bacteria that facilitate attachment to

surfaces and in some cases, play a role in the transfer of genetic material between cells during

conjugation.




Question: How do antibiotics like penicillin work on bacteria?


Answer: ✔✔ Penicillin and related antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycan, which

weakens the bacterial cell wall and leads to cell lysis, effectively killing the bacteria.




key distinction of microorganisms from other organisms ✔✔microorganisms do not form

differentiated tissues




1 mm = ? microns ✔✔1000




1 m = ? mm ✔✔1000




1 micron = ? nm ✔✔1000




3

, "little things" small to large ✔✔atoms ==> small molecules (amino acids, nucleotides, sugars)

==> biological macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids) ==> subcellular

structures (viruses, ribosomes, microtubules) ==> Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and

Nanobacteria ==> most bacteria and archaea ==> yeasts and flagellated protozoa ==> typical

plant and animal cells, amoebae ==> ciliated protozoa ==> zooplankton (small multicellular

animals)




subcellular aggregates of molecules ✔✔viruses, viroids, prions




traits of all living cells ✔✔1. Able to grow and reproduce (can convert nonliving nutrients into

living cytoplasm)

2. Genetic material is DNA

3. Metabolism

4. Able to make or acquire ATP

5. Able to synthesize proteins

6. Bound by an active cell membrane




function of ribosomes ✔✔read mRNA and synthesize proteins




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