100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na je betaling Lees online óf als PDF Geen vaste maandelijkse kosten
logo-home
Eerder door jou gezocht
Eerder door jou gezocht
logo
La 204 Actus Reus - Omissions Liability and Causation Notes €10,49
In winkelwagen
Snel navigeren naar
Voorbeeld
  2.  
  3. The University Of Warwick (UoW)
  4.  
  5. Criminal Law

College aantekeningen

La 204 Actus Reus - Omissions Liability and Causation Notes

 0 keer verkocht
  • Vak
  • Criminal Law
  • Instelling
  • The University Of Warwick (UoW)

This is a comprehensive and detailed note on Actus Reus - Omissions Liability and Causation for La 104. * Essential!! *Precise!! * For you!!

Voorbeeld 3 van de 18  pagina's

Document informatie

  • 17 augustus 2024
  • 18
  • 2021/2022
  • College aantekeningen
  • Prof. victor
  • Alle colleges

Onderwerpen

  • la 104
  • university of warwick
  • class notes
  • actus reus
  • fall
  • spring
  • summer
  • winter
  • criminal law
  • criminal
  • law
  • the university of warwick
  • lecture notes

Geschreven voor

  • The University of Warwick (UoW)
  • Onbekend
  • Criminal Law
Alle documenten voor dit vak (13)

Verkoper

avatar-seller
anyiamgeorge19

Ontvangen beoordelingen

Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Intro to Actus Reus Omissions
= external (voluntary) element Offences capable of being committed x O
(Not pertain directly to D’s mental state)
a. Homicide (M + MS) offences
CONDUCT
= D’s physical A/O required for liab R v Gibbins & Proctor (1918)
Ds starved V (daughter of G) after cruilty +
Focus: what D did / failed to do
neglect
(required in all criminal offences)
Duty to feed + protect child was breached

Omissions
b. Non-fatal offences against person

Failed to satisfactorily discharge duty
• Reluctant to find omission liab
- Requires specific result as part of AR
HWVR
DPP v Santana Bermudez [2004]
Liability can arise in:
D misinformed PO that not have needles, V
a. absence of specific external
pricked during personal search
‘movement’
Normally A/B cannot be committed x O hwvr
b. failure to perform specific conduct
created dangerous situation
Possession Offences
c. Property offences
Criminalise possession of material considered (in rel to certain ones)
‘dangerous’
- A: steps to gain / dispose of R v Miller [1983]
- O: found themselves in poss Squatter slept holding cig, woke up to
• No req of specific conduct mattress burning + moved to adjoining room
Criminal damage based on omission to do
State of Affairs something abt/ matress / alert authorities
- Duty arose from inadvertent creation
‘Situational’ offences of dangerous situation
• Criminalise D for found in particular ‘Duty to avert danger from one’s own
situation dangerous acts gives rise to omissions
- Not req result
liability
Contribution to life threatening state of
Winzar v Chief Constable of Kent (1983)
D taken to hospital on stretcher, found drunk affairs = duty
+ told to leave
- Police took D to their car on highway • Where offence can be committed
outside hospital either x A/O, omission liability more
restrictive

, - Charged w/ being ‘found drunk’ on
highway -----------------------------------------------------------
‘being found’ = guilty
Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1992]
• Creating a state of affairs +/ omission Brain damage, vegetative state
in falling to remove self from state - Doc applied to lawfully discontinue
life-sustaining treatment
----------------------------------------------------------- Withdrawal of treatment characterised as
omission
CIRCUMSTANCES Court: no duty to treat if not to act in best
= Specific conditions +/ facts surrounding D’s interests of patient
conduct that must exist for liability • Euthanasia valid bcs/ omission
- Discharging duty to Blond
- Not need be ‘performed’ / ‘caused’ x Hwvr: discontinuing = actively switch off
D’s A/O
-----------------------------------------------------------
- May be related to V, External
conditions, Specific objectives
LIABILITY
-----------------------------------------------------------
To satisfy conduct element:
CONSEQUENCE (RESULT)
= specific results/outcomes / effects of D’s 1. Recognized offence: in law capable of
conduct required for liability being committed x omission

• Establish causal link betw 2. Duty to act: legally recognized
a. D’s conduct requiring D to act in certain manner
b. Necessary result
3. Breach: D’s failure to act must fall
1. Causation in fact below the standard expected in the
= logical connection in fact that result would performance of duty
not have come about if not for D’s conduct

2. Causation in law
♦ Not always lack action
= legal principles finding conduct to have
substantial effect
- Blameworthy -----------------------------------------------------------
- Not superseded x subsequent events
DUTY TO ACT – OMISSION
(Causation ESSENTIAL part of AR)
♦ Legally recognized duty to act
♦ Not all offences require result - General terms: requires D to do what
is reasonable (not more)
-----------------------------------------------------------

, (q for jury)
RESULTS CRITICISM
No Good Samaritan Law
= no general duty to rescue
Tension between subjectivism (focus on D’s ONLY if specific duty to act in exceptional
indiv capacity) + objectivism (focus on harms circumstances
caused x D’s conduct)
1. Statutory duty
Objectivism:

Results central to liab bcs/ usually represent S170(4) Road Traffic Act 1988
harm caused x D Offence to fail to report motor accident that
D is involved in
Subjectivism:
2. Contractual duty
Almost redundant bcs/ not fully controlled x
D + therefore an imperfect reflection of (give rise to duties betw parties + 3rd)
culpability • Agreement determines duties
- Not need specifically highlight duty
Ex: D1 shoots V1 w/ intent to kill + dies
HWVR: expect D will act in certain circs
D2 shoots V2 w/ intent to kill + survives
• Luck not reflection of culpability (both
Dytham [1979]
equally + should be punished same)
PO on duty failed to intervene when V was
 Current law: uncomfortable kicked to death
compromise betw 2 - Misconduct in public office
- Clear duty for publ officials to act in
RESULTS REFORM reasonable manner

Subjectivist approach: Pittwood (1902)
Railway crossing gatekeeper forgot to close
• All result crimes could be remodelled cart gate when went to lunch, cart collided
into ‘acting w/ intent’ conduct crimes w/ train killing driver
- Focus liab on what D controls Gross Negl Manslaughter based on omission
(AR+MR) + not distorted x luck
- Contractual duty to close gate
Objectivist approach:
3. Assumption of responsibility
• Results matter
- Condemn D1 for acts + for causing = D voluntarily undertakes care of V /
death + Condemn D2 for acts but assumes duty towards V + V becomes
relieved death did not result dependent upon care
- Results perceived as additional harm
for which D is responsible

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Direct to-the-point

Direct to-the-point

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper anyiamgeorge19. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €10,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 71241 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Begin nu gratis

Laatst bekeken door jou

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(1)

HED4804 Assignment 1 (ANSWERS) 2024 - DISTINCTION GUARANTEED.

€10,49
  • (0)
In winkelwagen
Toegevoegd