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Bio 1320 Bergh Final Exam Questions With Correct Solutions, Already Passed!!

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Bio 1320 Bergh

Describe the process of transcription, in detail. - A) Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, which is the beginning of the gene. inert atom - with a filled outer valence shell an inert atom is not able to gain or lose an electron and therefore is not able to participate in any chemic...

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Bio 1320 Bergh Final -Exam
Describe the process of transcription, in detail. - A) Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to the
promoter, which is the beginning of the gene.

inert atom - with a filled outer valence shell an inert atom is not able to gain or lose an electron
and therefore is not able to participate in any chemical reactions. they are very stable

Difference between hypothesis and theory - Hypothesis is an educated guess

Theory is an explanation about something in the natural world. (has been repeatedly tested and uses
facts to explain the natural world)

What are the 5 characteristics of all living creatures? - 1) Organization

2)Energy Use

3)Maintains internal constancy

4)Reproduction, Growth, & Development

5)Evolution

Levels of organization from smallest to largest - 1)organelle

2)cells

3)tissues

4)organs

5)organ systems

6)organisms

7)populations

8)communities

9)ecosystem

10)biosphere

,Homeostasis + example - Maintenance of internal constancy

- the body regulates itself

Evolution - process of change that has transformed life on earth

Autotroph - Produces extract energy & nutrients from the non-living environment

Heterotroph - Consumers obtain energy & nutrients by eating other organisms.

Five steps involved in the scientific process - 1)Observation

2)question

3)hypothesis

4)prediction

5)experiment

Energy - The ability to do work

Matter - anything that takes up space. ex:organisms rocks the ocean

Atom and the charges that make up an atom - Atom:the smallest possible "piece" of an element
that retains the characteristics of the element.

-proton-positive charge

-neutron=neutral charge

-electron=negative charge

Element - a pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other substances

Atomic Number - the number of protons in the nucleus

,Atomic Mass - the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Isotope - any of the forms of an element, each having a different number of neutrons in the
nucleus

How many electrons reside a complete innermost electron shell, how many reside in complete outer
shells - innermost=2

outermost=8

molecule - a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a
chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction

How many pairs of electrons are shared in a single covalent bond - 2 pairs

Polar covalent bond - a lopsided union, one nucleus exerts as a much stronger pull on the shared
electron that does the other nucleus. shares electrons-unequally with less electronegative partner

nonpolar covalent bond - a "bipartisian" union in which both atoms exert an equal pull on their
shared electrons

ionic bond - one atom is electronegative that it rips electrons from another atoms valence shell

hydrogen bond - opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules or within a single large molecule
attrract each other

Cation - lost electrons become positively charged ions

Anion - gained electrons become negatively charged ions

, Property of water that results in cohesion - hydrogen bonds

Specific Heat - the amount of heat in calories needed to raise the temperature of water by 1
degree

application of specific heat to water - as the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb
or lose to change its temperature by one degree celcius

hydrophobic - water fearing, they do not dissolve in or form hydrogen bonds with water

hydrophilic - readily dissolves in water or form hydrogen bonds with water

pH scale - ranges from 0-14 and is based on the amount of H+ in a solution. Acids have low pH and
a high H+ concentration while bases have a high pH and low H+ concentration

Elements that have to present in an organic molecule - carbon and hydrogen must be present
form a molecule to be organic

Number of covalent bonds an atom can form is directly related to the number of electrons in its own
valence shell. Carbon? - Carbon forms four covalent bonds. It needs 4 electrons to complete the
octet

How do monomers relate to polymers - polymers are chains of small molecular subunits called
monomers

The general mechanism and meaning behind dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis - Dehydration
Synthesis: An enzyme binds two monomers, releasing a water molecule. It joins monomers into
polymers.

Hydrolysis=happens when digestive enzymes in your stomach and intestines break down the proteins
and other polymers in food.

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