CCBC Nursing 160: Exam Two Prep with Questions and Correct Answers
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CCBC Nursing
hat are some lifespan considerations that affect an individuals' metabolic functioning?
- Answer 1. *Gerontological Changes*: ex, weight gain, fatigue, thinning hair (thyroid
and sex hormone issue) and cognition changes (irritability).
2. *Changes in Children and Adolescents*: ex, "Precocious Pu...
CCBC Nursing 160: Exam Two Prep with
Questions and Correct Answers
What are some lifespan considerations that affect an individuals' metabolic functioning?
- Answer 1. *Gerontological Changes*: ex, weight gain, fatigue, thinning hair (thyroid
and sex hormone issue) and cognition changes (irritability).
2. *Changes in Children and Adolescents*: ex, "Precocious Puberty" where sexual and
physical characteristics happen earlier than normal (indicates something is wrong with
the sex hormones: prior to age 8 for girls and 9 for boys), Hyperpituitarism
(hypersecretion of pituitary hormones) can lead to gigantism, and increased weight gain
with children can lead to an increased occurrence of Type 2 Diabetes (80% of children
who are overweight WILL develop Type 2).
What is Diabetes Mellitus? - Answer A chronic metabolic disease characterized by
INCREASED levels of blood glucose as a result of defects in insulin *secretion* and
insulin *action*.
Why has the incidence of diabetes increased in recent years? - Answer Because people
as a whole are getting larger (for Type 2 diabetes) and less mobile.
What is the KEY to decreasing the *incidence* of Diabetes Mellitus? - Answer
Prevention (identify symptoms early).
What is the key to limiting the *cost* of treatment for Diabetes Mellitus? - Answer
Containment of complications! (achieving and maintaining meticulous blood glucose
control: the challenging part for both the nurse and the patient)
It's time to get in depth about the *pancreas*! What is the function of the pancreas in
regards to blood glucose regulation? How does it work? - Answer The pancreas is one of
,the major organs of the body. It has both exocrine (produces sodium bicarbonate and
digestive pancreatic enzyme) and endocrine (produces hormones; insulin, glucagon,
somatostatin) function.
The endocrine function of the pancreas focuses on its special group of cells known as
the *Islets of Langerhans*. The Islets of Langerhans has three distinct types of cell, the
alpha, the beta, and the delta cells:
1. *Alpha Cells*
The alpha cells secrete *glucagon*. One of the major actions of glucagon is it
*stimulates the liver to convert glycogen (stored glucose) and amino acids to glucose*
when blood glucose is *LOW*. The secretion of glucagon is actually a regulatory
mechanism wherein it is released once the body transmits negative feedback in cases of
low blood sugar level. This is an automatic response. *In cases that blood glucose level is
on its desired level or exceeds the normal level, glucagon secretion stops*. (Alpha Cells--
Glucagon--Increase BG)
2. *Beta Cells*
The beta cells secrete *insulin*. Insulin has two major functions in response to blood
glucose concentration. First, it *counters the effects of glucagon* by stimulating the
liver to convert glucose to glycogen (stimulates the liver to STORE gluocse) and inhibits
the conversion of other non-carbohydrates like amino acid to glucose. Second, *it
facilitates the diffusion of glucose into the cells* through insulin receptors. Insulin
secretion is also regulated by a negative feedback by the body to respond when the
blood glucose is *HIGH*. (Beta Cells--Insulin--Decrease BG)
3. *Delta Cells*
The delta cells secrete *somatostatin*. Somatostatin is released by the delta cells to
help regulate carbohydrates by *inhibiting the secretion of glucagon* (Delta Cells--
Somatostatin--Decrease BG)
,*In the pancreas, the low blood sugar level in the b
What is the concept defined as the physical and chemical processes the body uses to
maintain itself through catabolism and anabolism (build up versus break down)? -
Answer Metabolism
Do alterations in metabolic function affect every system in the body? - Answer YES, it's
systemic!
Examples:
1. Nutrition: glucose control, how your diet can also affect thyroid.
2. Elimination: diarrhea or constipation with thyroid disorders.
3. Infection: when protein production is disrupted it increases the risk for infection.
4. Mobility: neuropathy with diabetes.
5. Sensory Perception: again, neuropathy and retinopathy with diabetes.
Why is the Endocrine System important? - Answer The endocrine system is essential to
the body's metabolic functioning and its adaptation to the changing environment.
Which gland of the endocrine system is considered the "master gland" because of the
influence it has on secretions of hormones by OTHER endocrine glands? - Answer The
pituitary gland!
It's located on the inferior aspect of the brain and is divided into two lobes: the anterior
and posterior pituitary.
What controls the pituitary gland? - Answer The hypothalamus.
, What are the various other anatomic structures involved in metabolic function? -
Answer 1. Thyroid gland
2. Islets cells of the Pancreas
3. Adrenal Glands
4. Parathyroid Gland
5. Gonads: Testes and Ovaries
What are the chemical messengers in the body that cause a specific action? - Answer
HORMONES!
They are always present in varying amounts based on needs that change with changes in
the environment
What should be included in the nursing assessment in regards to Metabolism? - Answer
1. *Height and weight*: ex, can be affected by growth hormone.
2. *Fat distribution*: ex, Cushings where fat is moved tp specific areas of the body such
as the face and between the shoulders (cause a hump-like appearance).
3. *Immunosuppression*.
4. *Vital Signs*.
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