COSC 253 Final Exam Review || with 100% Errorless Answers.
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COSC 253
In the United States building operation and construction consumes correct answers •between a third and a half of the nation's energy
•70 percent of its electricity
•12 percent of its potable water
•30 percent of raw materials
Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) correct answers Embodied energy: ...
in the united states building operation and constr
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COSC 253 Final Exam Review || with 100% Errorless
Answers.
In the United States building operation and construction consumes correct answers •between a
third and a half of the nation's energy
•70 percent of its electricity
•12 percent of its potable water
•30 percent of raw materials
Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) correct answers Embodied energy: The sum total of energy
consumed during the materials life cycle
Why is this important? Generally, materials with lower embodied energy are better for the
environment than those with greater embodied energy
Cradle-to-gate analysis correct answers Extends from materials extraction through leaving the
manufacturer. Ignores delivery to construction site, installation, use, maintenance, and end-of-
life disposal.
•Easier analysis
•Often, the majority of environmental impacts occur during these phases
Cradle-to-grave analysis correct answers Assessment over full material life from source
extraction through manufacture, transportation, installation, use, maintenance, and final disposal
or repurposing.
•Most fully accounts for environmental effects
LEED correct answers Leadership In Energy and Environmental Design
•Voluntary program developed by U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), an independent,
private, not-for-profit organization
•Most broadly implemented green building program in North America
Many other standards and programs correct answers •U.S. National Green Building Standard
(residential building types)
•International Green Building Code (model code)
•Green Globes (similar to LEED)
BREEAM (European program
LEED correct answers •LEED is a voluntary program
•USGBC does not compel or enforce the adoption of LEED
•Implementation depends on private owners or public agencies choosing to participate
•Participation begins at the earliest stages of project conception and continues through design
and construction (team effort)
Zoning Regulations correct answers •Types of allowed activities, such as industrial, commercial,
residential, etc.
,•Density (i.e., number of dwelling units per acre)
•Building setbacks (distance from building to property lines)
•Parking requirements
•Bulk dimensions (building height, footprint, etc.)
Model Building Codes correct answers IBC and IRC are the models for most U.S. building
codes.
IRC:
•One- and two-family dwellings
•Three-stories maximum height
•Stand-alone code (includes all aspects of construction)
IBC: All buildings not covered by the IRC
IBC Occupancy Classifications correct answers A - Assembly
B - Business
E - Educational
F - Factory
H - High hazard
I - Institutional
M - Mercantile
R - Residential
S - Storage
U - Utility
Design/Bid/Build correct answers •Owner hires separate design and construction teams
•Well established method
•Provides high degree of confidence regarding project schedule and budget
Design/Bid/Build correct answers ØLow Bid - competitive sealed proposals
ØAll phases are sequential
ØNo legal agreement or relationship between the Designer and the Contractor
ØContractor is only responsible for carrying out the work per the contract documents
Design/Build correct answers •Owner hires a single design and construction entity
•Fosters coordination between A/E and GC
•Single point of accountability for owner
•Fewer checks and balances
•Use of this delivery system is growing rapidly!
Construction Manager (Fee Based) correct answers •Owner hires independent CM to oversee
design and construction services provided by multiple entities
•Contracts with the owner for a flat fee (usually a % of construction)
CM at Risk (CMAR): correct answers 1.Delivery of project for a Guaranteed Maximum Price
(GMP)
, 2.Acts as a consultant to the Owner during
×Development
×Design
3.Bids/contracts/performs the construction work
4.Financially at Risk for the work at the GMP
Fixed fee (lump sum) correct answers •Owner pays an agreed, fixed amount for work to be
performed
•General Contractor (GC) assumes most financial risk or potential reward
Cost Plus a Fee correct answers •Owner pays contractor's direct costs plus an added fee for
overhead and profit
•Contractor is protected from cost uncertainty
•Owner assumes more cost risk/savings reward potential
Sequential Construction correct answers •Each major phase begins only after the preceding
phase is complete
•Design is completed before construction begins
Must Control Settlement correct answers Uniform settlement: May disrupt building services
entrances or site elements at the building/site interface
Differential settlement: May cause damage to finishes, cladding, and other components where
building becomes distorted
ASTM D2487 correct answers •Boulder: Greater than 12 inches in diameter - takes two hands to
lift
•Cobble: Smaller than boulders but larger than 3 inches in diameter - can be lifted with one hand
•Gravel: From 3 inches to .187 inches in diameter - individual particles can be lifted between two
fingers
•Sand: From .187 inches to .003 inches in diameter - can see but generally too small to be picked
up singly
•Silt: Smaller than .0029 inches in diameter and spherical in shape - too small to see with the
naked eye
•Clay: Smaller than .0029 inches in diameter - typically 10 times or more smaller - and flat or
plate shaped
The Geotechnical (Geotech) report correct answers construction site identified the presence of
highly-expansive clay. The construction documents call for a concrete slab-on-grade foundation
Angle of Repose correct answers •The steepest angle at which a sloping surface formed of loose
material is stable
•Depends largely on soil type and characteristics
Excavation Support correct answers •Excavation support can take many forms, depending upon
the soil type, depth of excavation, type of construction, proximity of surrounding roads/buildings
and presence of groundwater
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