Samenvatting, Minor Global health
Health education and health promotion – Chapter 2
The years the development of the meaning of health, health education, health promotion and
health policy has change quite a bit. In 1978 al agencies came together in Alma-Ate to
/elaborate and formulate a future global strategy got primary health care and the health for all
by the year 2000 quest. The Alma-Ate Declaration (WHO) provided an important guide for
professionals and scientific development of the field, as well as a blueprint for the
development of policies in individual countries.
2.1 Health
What is health? (WHO,1948): ‘’health is a state of complete physical, social and mental
wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’’. So persons with a handicap
where un healthy from an medical-biological kind of view. An opposing position talks about
personal perception and maintains that as long as individuals perceive themselves as
healthy, they are healthy (kessener, 1982).
Maslow (1968) sad that health is not only illness en disease but also your social
environment.
He assumed that people are motivated by unsatisfied
needs and that certain lower-level needs have to be
satisfied to some degree before higher needs can be
satisfied.
It has only gradually been accepted that a person’s
health is influenced by many factors. These factors
are generally referred to as determinants of health.
We prefer to categorise them into three groups:
endogenous determinants, exogenous determinants,
and the prevalent system of health care (Ruwaard et
al., 1994). Those determinates are not isolation, they
interact with each other.
Endogenous determinants→ are those that affect health ‘from the inside’. For example:
gender, genetics
Exogenous determinants→ refer to external influences on health and relate to physical
environment, lifestyle factors and social environment.
For example: social environment, lifestyle and
physical environment.
System of health care → this refers to health services
in relation to care, cure and prevention. For example:
diagnostic and treatment, medical and nursing
services.
Health (book)
‘ a state of complete physical, social and mental
wellbeing, which enables people to lead an
individually socially and economically productive life.’’
2.2 the recognition that individual behaviour plays a
pivotal role in the development and maintenance of many health problems gave momentum
to the development of health education as a professional and scientific field. Some behaviour
,like smoking and drinking can lead to a higher risk to get something. Individual behaviour is
an essential factor in the effectiveness of medical care.
Medical approached → focus on the reduction of both morbidity and premature death.
(knowledge)
Persuasive approached → assumes that people van improve their health by choosing to
change their lifestyle. (improve knowledge and positive skills they already have).
Participatory approached → focus on helping people to identify their own concerns and to
gain the skills and confidence act upon those.
Health education (WHO, 1998):
‘’ consciously constructed opportunities for learning, involving some form of communication
designed to improve health literacy, including improving knowledge, and developing life skills
which are conducive to individual and community health’’ → together with (representatives
of) the target population.
(health education focuses on influencing and changing individual behaviour)
2.3
Health promotion (WHO, 1986)
‘’ the process of enabling individuals and communities to increase control over and to
improve their health’’.
Health education is still considered to be an important device for the improvement of health,
but, as Kickbush (1986) states, it can only develop its full potential if it is supported by
structural measures such as legal, environment, and regulatory ones.
Five principles on which health promotion is bases (Ashton & Seymour, 1988):
1. Health promotion actively involves the population in everyday life settings
2. It is directed towards action on the causes of ill health (prevention)
3. It uses many different approaches
4. It depends particularly on public participation. ( members have full and continuous
access to information learning opportunities and funding post)
5. Health professionals have an important part to play in nurturing health promotion.
2.4
Health promotion is based on health policy. Health policy refers to the set of objectives and
rules guiding the activities of an organisation or an administration. (many diverse fields which
support the promotion of health.
Prevention policy (Ruwaard et al., 1994) → measures and activities aiming to prevent health
problems. There are 3 types:
1. Primary prevention: aims to prevent health problems, diseases and accidents before
they occur affect or remove the risk. For example: vaccinations
2. Secondary prevention: aims to limit the course of a disease or to reduce the risk of
recurrence. For example: screening or monthly check ups
3. Tertiary prevention: aims to prevent existing health problems becoming worse and
reduce disability due to health problems. For example: treatment, counselling and
therapy.
2.4.1
, In 1977, the WHO decided that the major social goal of governments and WHO should be
the attainment by all people of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that would
permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life. According to the strategy by
the year of 2000 all people in all countries should have at least such a level of health that
they are capable of working productively and to participating actively in the social life of the
community in which they live (WHO, 1981).
1. The promotion of lifestyles conducive to health
2. Prevention of preventable conditions
3. Rehabilitation and health services
All countries had to make their own strategy to get those 3
things done.
There where made 21 targets by the Europe regional office
of WHO, they were divided in to 5 groups.
2.5
Chapter summary
Theoretical background to health behaviour – chapter 3
Many diseases are related to the way in which people behave and take care of their own
health. That’s why we do health promotion to improve people to take care of their own health.
But it is impotent to know why people act someway, some we can make a appropriate
promotion.
3.1
Perception is the process by which individuals receive information or stimuli from their
environment and transform it into psychological awareness. Although we live all in the same
world and see, hear and smell the same, all people have their own we to interpret their
experience.
1. Perceptions are relative rather than absolute: a circle surrounded by larger circle, will
look smaller than the same circle that surrounds a smaller circle.
2. Perceptions are selective: some people memories something by smell orders by
sound.
3. Perceptions are organised: people tend to structure their sensory experiences in
ways that make sense to them.
3.2
Learning: ‘’ acquiring or improving the ability to perform a behaviour pattern through
experience and practice’’.
3.2.1
