PSCI 1100 Final Exam Questions and Answers All Correct
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PSCI 1100
PSCI 1100 Final Exam Questions and Answers All Correct
What is political participation? - Answer-Political participation is the activities citizens undertake to influence government.
Why don't people participate in politics? - Answer-Probability that your vote will decide the election is essent...
PSCI 1100 Final Exam Questions
and Answers All Correct
What is political participation? - Answer-Political participation is the activities citizens
undertake to influence government.
Why don't people participate in politics? - Answer-Probability that your vote will decide
the election is essentially equal to 0, you get benefits either way (Free rider problem),
and voting is costly
Why do people participate in politics? - Answer-- Ability: because you know how, which
depends on:
(a) knowledge of politics
(b) "Civic skills"
- Motivation: because you want to, which depends on:
(a) intrinsic interest in politics
(b) Mobilization by others
- Opportunity: because you can, which is affected by:
(a) Mobilization
(b) Electoral rules
A Mobilization Experiment - Answer-Results:
1) "civic duty": 2% increase in turnout
2) "you're being studied": 2.5% increase
3) "who votes is public info": 5% increase
4) "what if your neighbors knew": 8% increase
The puzzle: If so few voters are up for grabs, why do candidates campaign so hard? -
Answer-Because electoral institutions structure the choices candidates make:
1) Length of campaign
- Fixed terms of office mean that the date of the election is always known in advance.
- Primary elections require a campaign too.
- No rule forces candidates to wait to campaign, and few risk doing so.
2) Expense of campaign
- Campaign donations are limited, but spending is not (per Buckley v. Valeo)
- No rule forces candidates to limit fundraising and spending, and few risk doing so
Why are so few voters up for grabs? - Answer-Because political predispositions and
identities, especially party identification, drive the choices of most voters.
What do campaigns do? - Answer-1) Campaigns help bring voters' choices in line with
predispositions.
, - Example: Rallying partisans; ideological polarization
2) Campaigns change voters' minds when (a) predispositions are weak and (b) one
candidate has clear advantage.
Collective action problems and their manifestations (coordination, free rider problem,
tragedy of the commons) - Answer-Coordination:
- Members of the group must decide individually what they want, what they are
prepared to contribute to their collective enterprise, and how to coordinate their efforts
with those of others
- Coordination problems increase with the size of the group, when the number of
participants desiring to coordinate is really large, coordination may be generally
unachievable
Tragedy of the Commons:
- Resembles free riding in that a large number of participants encourage each other to
renege on contributions to the public good.
Difference between free-riding vs. tragedy of the commons:
- The good already exists and will be destroyed if its exploitation is not controlled;
community has a collective good that is in danger of being squandered unless members
cooperate to preserve it.
The prisoner's dilemma and how it relates to collective action problems - Answer-
Occurs whenever individuals decide that even though they support some collective
undertaking, they are personally better off pursuing an activity that rewards them
individually despite undermining the collective effort.
Conditions that make the free rider problems particularly acute - Answer-- collective
action problem, incentives to not participate
- when there's no accountability and no designated responsibility
- How many people are involved? If it's a large group, no one will notice if
responsibilities are not being met
Transaction and conformity costs, how they relate to each other, and how institutions
can increase or decrease them - Answer-- Transaction costs: the time, effort, and
resources required to compare preferences and make collective decisions; these
increase when the number of participants rises.
- Conformity costs: the difference between what any one party prefers and what the
collective body requires; the extent to which a collective decision obligates participants
to do something they prefer not to (paying one's property taxes); citizens generally
prefer low conformity costs.
- Inverse relationship: as one goes up, the other goes down
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