Honors Biology Final Exam Review Questions with Answers
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Honors Biology
Honors Biology Final Exam Review Questions with Answers
NADP+ - Answer-an electron carrier; converts to NADPH when it is carrying 2 high energy-electrons
light-dependent reactions - Answer-require the direct involvement of light and light-absorbing pigments; produces ATP, NADPH, & oxygen; occu...
Honors Biology Final Exam Review
Questions with Answers
NADP+ - Answer-an electron carrier; converts to NADPH when it is carrying 2 high
energy-electrons
light-dependent reactions - Answer-require the direct involvement of light and light-
absorbing pigments; produces ATP, NADPH, & oxygen; occurs within the thylakoids
light-independent reactions - Answer-ATP and NADPH molecules (from light-dependent
reactions) are used to produce high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide; produced ADP,
NADP+, & carbon dioxide; occurs in the stroma
photosystems - Answer-clusters of chlorophyll and proteins surrounded by accessory
pigments; absorb sunlught and generate high-energy electrons
electron transport chain - Answer-a series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-
energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions
ATP Synthase - Answer-a protein found on the thylakoid membrane that allows H+ ions
to pass through it, converting ADP into ATP
Calvin Cycle - Answer-another name for the light-independent reactions
calorie - Answer-the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of
water by 1 degree Celsius
cellular respiration - Answer-the process that releases energy from food in the presence
of oxygen
aerobic - Answer-pathways of cellular respiration that require oxygen; "in air"
anaerobic - Answer-pathways of cellular respiration that do not require oxygen; "wihout
air"
glycolysis - Answer-"sugar-breaking;" the first stage of cellular respiration where
glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (ATP and NADPH are also
made)
NAD+ - Answer-an electron carrier; converts to NADH; holds electrons until they can be
transferred to other molecules
,Krebs Cycle - Answer-the second stage of cellular respiration where pyruvic acid is
broken down into carbon dioxide
matrix - Answer-the innermost compartment of the mitochondrion and the site of the
Krebs Cycle reactions
fermentation - Answer-the combined process of a pathway (which makes it possible to
continue to produce ATP without oxygen) and glycolysis
cell division - Answer-the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
asexual reproduction - Answer-the production of genetically identical offspring from a
single parent
sexual reproduction - Answer-the production of offspring from two separate parent cells;
offspring inherit some genetic information from each parent
chromosomes - Answer-genetic information bundled into packages of DNA
chromatin - Answer-DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes
interphase - Answer-an "in-between" period of growth that separates cell division
mitosis - Answer-the first stage of cell division; the division of the cell nucleus
cytokinesis - Answer-the second stage of cell division; the division of the cytoplasm
prophase - Answer-first phase of mitosis; the genetic material inside the nucleus
condenses and the duplicated chromosomes become visible
centromere - Answer-the point where the duplicated strands of DNA are attached
chromatid - Answer-sister chromatid; each strand in the duplicated chromosome
metaphase - Answer-second phase of mitosis; the centromeres of the duplicated
chromosomes line up across the center of the cell; spindle fibers connect the
centromere of each chromosome to the two poles of the spindle
autotroph - Answer-organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and
use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer
biosphere - Answer-part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or
atmosphere
community - Answer-assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined
area
, consumer - Answer-organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food
supply; also called a heterotroph
ecology - Answer-scientific study of interactions among organisms and between
organisms and their environment
ecosystem - Answer-collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place,
together with their nonliving environment
food chain - Answer-series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy
by eating and being eaten
food web - Answer-network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships
among the various organisms in an ecosystem
heterotroph - Answer-organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also
called a consumer
population - Answer-group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
producer - Answer-organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and
use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph
species - Answer-group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile
offspring
trophic level - Answer-step in a food chain or food web
abiotic factors - Answer-physical, or nonliving, factor that shapes an ecosystem
biotic factors - Answer-biological influence on organisms within an ecosystem
commensalisms - Answer-symbiotic relationship in which one member of the
association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
mutalism - Answer-symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the
relationship
niche - Answer-full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism
lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions
predation - Answer-interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another
organism
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