Introduction
By now, you will have taken the first exam, have drunk too much alcohol and forgotten to do
anything BMS related. In all the panic this ‘’summary’’ appears. And you know what: it saves
your ass.
If you liked the summary I made of BBS1001, then (most likely) this one will also please you!
Again, I nailed the course by using this info.
It’s once again a large, but very detailed composition of all the info of this course. BBS1002
probably was my favorite course (brace yourselves for BBS1003, that one really bored the
hell out of me…). The thing about this course is that you’ll learn so much by just attending
the practicals, so: get out of bed and get to your practical, you might actually learn
something! Again, I’m not a fan of lectures, so I didn’t went to any of ‘em. Turns out you
don’t need to cause I nailed this course without doing so :).
PROTIP: order a large coffee, because you will need to know a lot of details and regulation
mechanisms that can sometimes make you question your will to live, but hey coffee fixes
most of these problems.
I’m kidding. Enjoy this course, it’s pretty decent.
Again, if you start late: brace yourself for a hell of week, because it seems to be a lot and it
really is a lot. But never say never and, you know, most of the pages are partly pictures. The
Christmas spirit during the exam might actually bring you some luck.
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,BMS- Homeostasis 1
PS: what is blood & how are the nutrients transported around?
BS:
- Composition; platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes, plasm
- Leukocytes: neutrophils, macrophages, basophils.
- Plasm: water + minerals.
- Proteins (globin)
- Colloid osmotic value: maintains blood pressure
- Membrane transport.
- Transport of nutrients, waste products, oxygen, CO2 and hormones.
- Immune system
- Distributing heat
- Carbonate buffer
- 2 pressure forces:
- Active and passive
- Osmosis
- NA/K pump
- Interstitial fluid
LG:
1. What is the composition of blood (briefly explain different molecules, know the
different types of leukocytes and where they come from).
2. What is the function of blood
3. How do the different transport mechanisms work? (4/5 mechanisms; endocytosis,
primary/secondary active transport, 3 types of diffusion, channels/carries, Fick’s law)
4. Difference between ECF ICF and blood (interstitial fluid) (short overview on the first
two, blood has been done in the first 3 LG’s).
5. What is capillary filtration and what are the functions of the different types of
capillaries?
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, 1. What is the composition of blood?
Blood contains both cellular and liquid components. Living blood
cells (AKA: Formed elements) are suspended in a nonliving fluid
matrix called plasma. Dissolved fibrous proteins become visible
during blood clotting.
Plasma
it is mostly water (90%), but it contains a lot of dissolved solutes as
well. For instance: nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes and
products of cell activity, proteins and inorganic ions (electrolytes).
Electrolytes (Na+, Cl- etc.) vastly outnumber the other solutes and function to maintain a
plasma osmotic pressure and normal blood pH.
However, the heavier plasma proteins are the most abundant plasma solutes by weight (8%
plasma weight). Except for hormones and gamma globulins, most plasma proteins are
produced by the liver. They are not taken up by cells to be used as fuels or metabolic
nutrients.
Plasma composition is kept relatively constant; when the blood protein levels drop, the liver
makes more proteins. When it gets acidic, the lung/kidneys operate to get back to the
normal pH.
- Albumin: 60% of all plasma proteins. It is the major protein in contributing to the
plasma osmotic pressure (which keeps water in the bloodstream). It also acts as a
carrier to shuttle certain molecules to the circulation; it can bind certain
hormones/drugs to deliver them to their target. It also is an important blood buffer.
- Globulins:
o Alpha/beta: transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat-soluble
vitamins.
o Gamma: antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response.
- Fibrinogen: form fibrin threads of blood clot.
Nonprotein nitrogenous substances: by-product of cellular metabolism, such as urea and
uric acid.
Nutrients: absorbed from digestive tract.
Respiratory gasses: O2 and CO2. Oxygen however mostly bound to hemoglobin. CO2 can be
dissolved as bicarbonate or CO2, or bound to hemoglobin (carbonate buffer).
Hormones: steroid (need second messengers, can’t get into the cell) and thyroid (peptide
hormones; can actually get in to the cell).
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,Formed elements in blood (erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets)
Erythrocytes: are bound by a plasma membrane but have no nucleus: anucleate. They have
no organelles. They actually are bags of hemoglobin (Hb). Other proteins are present too,
such as antioxidant enzymes that rid the body of harmful oxygen radicals, but most other
present proteins function as structural proteins, which help to maintain the ‘’biconcave
(donut)’’ shape of a erythrocyte.
For example, mainly spectrin forms a network of proteins which are attached to the
cytoplasmic face of RBC plasma membranes. It maintains the biconcave shape, but is
deformable, allowing the RBC to change shape as necessary and then reform back to the
biconcave shape.
RBC are ideal to transport oxygen because: The small size and biconcave shape of a RBC
provide a huge surface area relative to volume. It contains a lot of hemoglobin and because
the RBC lacks mitochondria, it won’t actually use a part of the transported oxygen.
Leukocytes: actual cells (do have nucei). Leukocytes are able to slip out of the capillary blood
vessels; this process is called diapedesis. Once out of the bloodstream, WBC move through
the tissue spaces by amoeboid motion.
Normal homeostatic response of our body on infection= leukocytosis, which means that the
amount of leukocytes is highly increased.
List leukocytes from most abundant to least abundant:
-neutrophils
-lymphocytes
-monocytes
-eosinophils
-basophils
(Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)
Granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, are larger and have a shorter
lifespan than erythrocytes. Functionally, all granulocytes are phagocytes to some degree.
They contain granules.
Neutrophils: most numerous. Their granules can take up both basic and acidic
substances. It contains very fine granules. They are often called Polymorphonuclear
leukocytes (PMNs), which means many shapes of the nucleus. They are our body’s
bacteria killers. Their numbers can increase rapidly and they are chemically attracted
to sites of inflammation. They are active phagocytes.
Eosinophils: telephone shaped nucleus. Can’t digest bacteria. Lead the counter-
attack against parasitic worms that are too large to be synthesized.
Basophils: The rarest white blood cells. They contain large histamine containing
granules. Histamine is an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator (makes
blood vessels dilate) and attracts other white blood cells to the inflamed site.
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,Agranulocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes, WBC’s that lack visible granules.
Lymphocytes: Despite the fact that lymphocytes are the 2nd most abundant type of
WBC’s, relatively few are actually found in the bloodstream. They are closely
associated with lymphoid tissue, where they play a crucial role in the immune
system. T-lymphocytes act directly against virus-infected cells. B-lymphocytes
produce antibodies. (example of immunocytes)
Monocytes: circulate in the bloodstream, but can leave it and enter tissues. When
they leave the bloodstream they differentiate into Macrophages, which are actively
phagocytic. (example of phagocytes)
(got to recognize different leukocytes by pictures) seriously, they might be a dick on the
exam and ask you to name a type of leukocyte.
Platelets: Are not cells in strict sense. Platelets are essential for the clotting process that
occurs in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured or their lining is injured. By sticking to the
damaged site, platelets form a temporary plug that helps seal the break. They have no
nucleus and degenerate in 10 days.
Repair system:
1. Vasoconstriction by smooth muscle
2. Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers, to which platelets adhere.
3. Platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky, platelet plug forms.
4. Fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBC’s and platelets, forming the clot.
A hormone called thrombopoietin regulates the formation of platelets.
Blood cell formation = Hematopoiesis.
All blood cells arise from hematopoietic stem cells.
- Red blood cell formation = erythropoiesis.
it happens in the red bone marrow, which is composed largely of reticular connective tissue.
It is found mainly in the axial skeleton (bones on the axis of our body) and girdles
(horizontal; sleutelbeen en bekken), and in the epiphyses (end) of the humerus
(=opperarmbeen) and the femur (=dijbeen).
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, Hematopoietic stem cells divide into pro-erythroblasts which will eventually produce
erythrocytes.
- White blood cells formation= Leukopoiesis.
It’s stimulated by chemical messengers; interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSF).
These factors are released by the mature WBC’s and supporting cells of the red bone
marrow. These factors also improve the protective potency of mature leukocytes.
Hematopoietic stem cells divide into myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells.
Myeloid stem cells: produce eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils
Lymphoid stem cells: produce macrophages and lymphocytes.
- Platelets formation= thrombopoiesis
They are formed out of so-called megakaryocytes (really large cells).
2. What is the function of blood?
1. Distribution:
o Delivering oxygen from lungs and nutrients from digestive tract to all body
cells.
o Transporting metabolic waste products from cells to elimination sites (to
lungs to eliminate CO2, to kidney to dispose of nitrogenous wastes).
o Transporting hormones from endocrine organs to their target organs.
2. Regulation:
o Maintain appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
(in case of heat loss transported to skin).
o Maintaining normal pH in body tissue, by using proteins and other blood
buffers.
o Maintaining adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system. Blood proteins
prevent excessive fluid loss, so there can be efficient blood circulation to all
parts of the body.
3. Protection:
o Preventing blood loss via platelets and plasma proteins.
o Preventing infection via leukocytes.
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