Human Biology, Mader, Ch. 11, Urinary System Questions with 100 % correct Answers | Verified | A+
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Human Biology, Mader, Ch. 11, Urinary System
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Human Biology, Mader, Ch. 11, Urinary System
buffer - a chemical or a combination of chemicals that can take up excess hydrogen ions (H+) or
excess hydroxide ions (OH-). One of the most important buffers in the blood is a combination of carbonic
acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).
Anatomy of Nephron - has own blood supply: two capil...
Human Biology, Mader, Ch. 11, Urinary
System
buffer - a chemical or a combination of chemicals that can take up excess hydrogen ions (H+) or
excess hydroxide ions (OH-). One of the most important buffers in the blood is a combination of carbonic
acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).
Anatomy of Nephron - has own blood supply: two capillary regions. Renal artery transports blood
via afferent arteriole to glomerulus. Blood leaves by efferent arteriole which divides into peritubular
capillary network. Then blood leaves through venule.
acidosis - if the blood pH decreases below 7.35
Additional Functions of the Kidneys - The kidneys also reabsorb filtered nutrients and synthesize
vitamin D. Vitamin D is a hormone that promotes calcium ion (Ca2+) absorption from the digestive tract.
aldosterone - a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, which sit atop the kidneys. This
hormone promotes ion exchange at the distal convoluted tubule. The release of aldosterone is set into
motion by the kidneys.
alkalosis - If the blood pH rises above 7.45
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior
pituitary according to the osmolarity of the blood. If our intake of water has been low, ADH is secreted
by the posterior pituitary. Water moves from the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct into
the blood.
Aquaporins - During the process of reabsorption, water passes through water channels within a
plasma membrane protein.
Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) - hormone secreted by atria of heart when cardiac cells are
stretched due to increased blood volume. Inhibits secretion of renin by juxtaglomerular apparatus & the
, secretion of aldosterone by adrenal glands. Its effect is to promote the excretion of sodium ions (Na+),
called natriuresis.
collecting duct - Duct within the kidney that receives fluid from several nephrons; the
reabsorption of water occurs here. Takes urine away from the nephron
creatinine - a waste product that results from the breakdown of creatine phosphate, a high-
energy phosphate reserve molecule in muscles.
cystitis - infection invading the urinary bladder
distal convoluted tubule - Final portion of a nephron that joins with a collecting duct; associated
with tubular secretion. Lined with cuboidal epithelium; epithelial cells have many mitochondrea;
Diuretics - chemicals that increase the flow of urine
excretion - Removal of metabolic wastes from the body. Excretion in humans is performed by the
formation and discharge of urine from the body.
Features of bladder wall - is expandable, because it contains a middle layer of circular fibers of
smooth muscle and two layers of longitudinal smooth muscle; has rugae like the stomach. maximum
capacity of between 700 and 800 ml.
Glomerular Capsule - closed end of the nephron is pushed in on itself to form a cup-like structure;
inner layer is made up of podocytes. The podocytes cling to the capillary walls of the glomerulus and
leave pores that allow easy passage of small molecules from the glomerulus to the inside of the
glomerular capsule.
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